Botany and Plant Science

Both the groups contain gametes that possess cilia, and which makes them motile.

Cybrid is a eukaryotic cell line produced by the fusion of a whole enucleated cell with a cytoplast

The width of the flower bud is smaller than the flower as the bud is a closed flower. 

An achene is a dry, indehiscent fruit where the seed coat remains separate from the pericarp (fruit wall). In contrast, cypsela is similar but develops from an inferior ovary, nut has a hard woody wall, and samara has wing-like extensions for wind dispersal.

 The flower is described as hypogynous if the gynoecium occupies the highest position, while the other parts are situated below it.

False fruits develop from parts other than the ovary, typically the receptacle (as in apple, where the edible part is receptacle tissue) or calyx. True fruits develop only from the ovary, while aggregate fruits come from multiple ovaries of one flower, and composite fruits develop from inflorescences.

Caryopsis is a single-seeded fruit where the dry papery seed coat remains permanently fused with the pericarp (fruit wall), typical of grasses like wheat, rice, and maize. Achene has a separate seed coat, cypsela has a pappus, and samara has wing-like extensions.

C4 plants possess dimorphic chloroplasts - bundle sheath chloroplasts are larger and lack grana, while mesophyll chloroplasts are smaller with well-developed grana. This Kranz anatomy is an adaptation for efficient carbon fixation. Bulliform cells and parallel venation are general monocot features, while night-opening stomata characterize CAM plants.

The flower whose petals are separated from each other is known as polypetalous.

Ans - (2)

It is a mixed type inflorescence having a number of simple dichasial cymes arranged in a recemose manner on an elevated peduncle. It is found in ocimum.

Composite or multiple fruits (like pineapple, fig, mulberry) develop from the entire inflorescence (cluster of flowers), where each flower produces a fruit that fuses into a single structure. Simple fruits develop from a single ovary, and aggregate fruits develop from multiple separate ovaries of a single flower.

Chloroplasts of the mesophyll cells contain grana, whereas bundle sheath chloroplasts are almost devoid of grana.

A closed flower before blooming

True fruits develop from the ovary after fertilization. False fruits (pseudocarps) develop from other floral parts like the calyx (as in apple), thalamus (as in strawberry), or receptacle, where the ovary is incorporated into the fruit structure.