Botany and Plant Science

Dicotyledonous plants typically have flower parts in multiples of four or five, whereas monocots typically have parts in multiples of three.

Monocotyledonous plants typically have flower parts in multiples of three, while dicots typically have parts in multiples of four or five.

Dicot stems are characterized by vascular bundles arranged in a ring pattern. Monocots have scattered vascular bundles throughout the stem.

Monocot stems are characterized by vascular bundles that are scattered throughout the ground tissue, unlike the ring arrangement found in dicots.

Cork is produced by cork cambium which is a lateral meristem responsible for secondary growth that replaces epidermis of root and stems. The vascular cambium of a stem is responsible for the formation of secondary phloem and secondary xylem while wood is mainly composed of secondary xylem element it is also a derivative of vascular cambium.

At 0 degree Celsius the respiration rate will be zero. At 20 degree Celsius only the respiration process will take place. Hence, the 5 gm initially absorbed is due to physical diffusion of mineral ions from a region of high to low concentration. Later on, respiration occurs, then extra 15 grams are actively absorbed.

Answer is option A i.e. "Hydrophytes"
Hydrophytes are aquatic plants that live in aquatic environments either completely or partially submerged in water. As an adaptation, their vascular tissue and mechanical tissue are reduced. The cuticle is either completely absent or it is reduced, thin and poorly developed.
On contrary, xerophytes have heavy cuticle, vascular tissue and mechanical tissue. Mesophytes have moderate vascular tissue, mechanical tissue and cuticle and epiphytes are lower plants or mosses that live in marine environment, they are non-vascular.

Glyoxysomes are microbodies which occur only in fat rich plant cells where they take part in $\beta$-oxidation of fats and perform glyoxylate cycle. Glyoxysomes characteristically possess catalase enzyme. The castor endosperm stores fat which is metabolised through glyoxysomes. Glyoxysomes will channel fats into krebs cycle through $\beta$-oxidation.

Nitrogen is a key component of chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color. A deficiency in nitrogen typically manifests as chlorosis, or yellowing, of the older leaves and stunted growth.

The stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament. The carpel (or pistil) is the female reproductive part.

Pickling involves adding high concentrations of salt or sugar to food items like vegetables or meat. This creates a hypertonic environment outside the microbial cells, causing water to move out of the cells via osmosis, leading to plasmolysis. As a result, microbes lose water, shrivel, and are unable to grow or spoil the food.

Kranz anatomy is found in leaves of $C _{4}$ plants. The $C _{4}$ pathway requires the presence of two types of cells i.e. mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. The particularly large cells around the vascular bundles of $C _{4}$ plants are called bundle sheath cells, these cells may form several layers around the vascular bundles, they are characterized by having a large number of well-developed chloroplasts, grana are absent, thick walls impervious to gaseous exchange and no extracellular spaces. This special anatomy of leaves of the $C _{4}$ plants is called Kranz anatomy. 'Kranz' means wreath and is a reflection of the arrangement of cells.