Botany and Plant Science

A persistent calyx remains attached to the fruit even after flowering, seen in tomato, brinjal, and some Solanaceae. Polysepalous means free sepals (a fusion type). The question describes a calyx that doesn't wither off, so persistent is correct.

The corona is an additional whorl of floral appendages that develops from the corolla. It appears as spurs, scales, or crown-like outgrowths found in plants like narcissus and passionflower. Stamens (androecium) and pistil (gynoecium) are reproductive organs, not corolla appendages.

Stamens are the individual pollen-producing units that make up the androecium. Each stamen has three parts: the filament (stalk), anther (pollen-producing structure), and connective (tissue connecting anther lobes). Polyandrous is a condition, not a structure.

The receptacle is the expanded tip of the pedicel (flower stalk) where all floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels) are attached. Bracts and bracteoles are leaf-like structures below the flower, not the attachment point.

Each anther lobe contains two pollen sacs (microsporangia) where pollen grains develop. The gynoecium is the female reproductive part, while corolla and corona are non-reproductive flower parts.

Gynoecium and pistil are synonymous terms for the female reproductive part of a flower. The corolla is the petal whorl, corona is a corolla appendage, and anther is a male stamen part.

The pistil has three parts: stigma (receiving surface), style (pollen tube pathway), and ovary (contains ovules). Carpels are the ovule-bearing units that may fuse to form a pistil. Exine is the outer pollen wall.

Inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on a stem or branch. Spike and umbel are specific inflorescence types, not the general term. Florescence is not a standard botanical term.

A flower lacking stamens (male parts) is called pistillate or female. Staminate flowers have only stamens. Staminodes are sterile, non-functional stamens. Neuter flowers lack both stamens and carpels.

A complete flower has all four whorls: calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), androecium (stamens), and gynoecium (carpels). Pistillate refers to female flowers only. Orchids and canna are specific plant examples.

Staminodes are sterile, non-functional stamens that have lost their reproductive ability. Pistillate and staminate refer to functional unisexual flowers. Neuter flowers lack functional reproductive parts entirely.

Apical meristem is found in the lower/middle parts of the arctic plants. It is thought that this kind of meristem evolved because it is advantageous in arctic conditions.

A kind of vascular bundle in which phloem lies only on one side of xylem, usually towards the stem interior, is found in rose plant. This kind of a vascular bundle is called collateral. Such vascular bundles are found in dicots like rose.

The leaves and stems of ferns have mesarch development. Here, there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root, and the xylem develops from the middle of a strand in both directions.

Caudex is present in Jatropha cathartica. It has a large globose caudex. It is underground in the wild, but becomes exposed if cultivated in a container.