Biomolecules and Enzymes

It is an example of conjugated proteins.

Chromo-proteins  are pigmented proteins, e.g., haemoglobin (red), haemocyanin (blue) and chlorocruorin (green).

These are naturally occurring proteins which yield only amino acids or their derivatives on hydrolysis. Examples are albumins, globulins and scleroproteins.

Phospho-proteins  are the proteins linked to phosphate groups; hence are acidic, e.g., casein of milk; vitellin of egg-yolk.

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligo-saccharide chains (glycans) co-valently attached to polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a co-translational or post-translational modification. This process is known as glycosylation.

The conjugated proteins are simple globular proteins linked to non-protein substances called prothetic group, e.g., Glyco-proteins or Muco-proteins are proteins bound to carbohydrate groups. Glyco-proteins contain less carbohydrate (4%) when compared to mucoproteins,e.g., egg albumin and mucin of saliva.

As the name suggests, they are derivatives of proteins resulting from the action of enzymes, heat or chemical agents. Proteoses, peptones and peptides are examples for derived proteins. They are produced during the stepwise digestion of a protein.

Nucleo-proteins  are complexes of nucleic acid and proteins. Chromosomes of animal and plant cells are complexes of DNA and protein. Ribosomes, found in all cells, are complexes of RNA and proteins.

As the name suggests, they are derivatives of proteins resulting from the action of enzymes, heat or chemical agents. Proteoses, peptones and peptides are examples for derived proteins. They are produced during the stepwise digestion of a protein.

The conjugated proteins are simple globular proteins linked to non-protein substances called prosthetic groups. Glycoproteins or Mucoproteins are proteins bound to carbohydrate groups and Phospho-proteins. They are proteins linked to phosphate groups; hence are acidic. E.g., casein of milk and vitellin of egg-yolk.

All are blood proteins.

They are naturally occurring proteins which yield only amino acids or their derivatives on hydrolysis. Examples are albumins, globulins and sclero-proteins.

Majority of proteins are the most variable and highly specialized enzymes. Acting as organic catalysts, they accelerate metabolic reactions. Virtually, every type of metabolic reaction is driven by a particular or specific type of enzyme. In fact, the basis of the phenotypic expression of every hereditary characteristic is a specific type of metabolic reaction which  in turn, is driven by a specific type of enzyme. Synthesis of defective or abnormal enzymatic proteins, therefore, forms the basis of genetic diseases.

They are protective proteins which protect the body from ill effects of poisonous (toxic) substances and pathogenic invaders (virus, bacteria and other pathogens) by destroying the toxins and invaders. Important defence proteins are antibodies or immuno-globulins produced by lymphocytes in vertebrates. Interferon protects cells from the attack of viruses. Thrombin and fibrinogen form blood clots to prevent loss of blood and infection at sites of injuries.

They are protective proteins which protect the body from ill effects of poisonous (toxic) substances and pathogenic invaders (virus, bacteria and other pathogens) by destroying the toxins and invaders. Important defense proteins are antibodies or immuno-globulins produced by lymphocytes in vertebrates. Interferon protects cells from the attack of viruses. Thrombin and fibrinogen form blood clots to prevent loss of blood and infection at the sites of the injuries. Certain proteins, called exploitive proteins, are normally toxic, but these may play a defensive role under certain conditions. These include snake venom, bacterial toxins and toxic plant protein called ricin.