Biomolecules and Enzymes

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain. It is an antioxidant preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides.

Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognised as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders.

Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. It is found in urine as a normal product of protein metabolism.

Phenylalanine is an α-amino acid . This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. L-Phenylalanine (LPA) is an electrically neutral amino acid.The codons for L-phenylalanine are UUU and UUC.

L-glutamic acid was the first amino acid to be produced by microorganisms.

Arginase is a manganese-containing enzyme. The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme is: arginine + H2O → ornithine + urea. It is the final enzyme of the urea cycle. It is ubiquitous to all domains of life.

The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme determines the appearance of the active site. The active site accommodates the shape of the biological substrate that requires transformation. They fit like a key in a lock. This is what makes enzymes specific in their actions. Only substances of the right shape will be transformed.

It provides resistance to our body and inhibits the growth of hair, nails etc.

Tertiary structure is the final three-dimensional structure of a protein, which results from a large number of non-covalent interactions between amino acids.

Isoleucine is necessary for the optimal growth of infants and for maintaining nitrogen balance in adults.

Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG.

L-theanine reduces stress and anxiety without the tranquilizing effects found in many other calming supplements.

This option is correct because methionine amino acid is classified as non polar as it has a straight side chain that possesses a S-methyl thioether (i.e C-S-C bonding) at the gama-carbon. It is an essential amino acid in all metazoa. These are initiated by the polypeptide chain.

Arginine is an α-amino acid. At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that code for arginine during protein synthesis.

1,1-Carbonyldiimidazole is a white crystalline solid. It is often used for the coupling of amino acids for peptide synthesis and as a reagent in organic synthesis.