Biomolecules and Enzymes

Cooperative binding is a special case of allostery. Cooperative binding requires that the macromolecule have more than one binding site, since cooperativity results from the interactions between binding sites.

The reaction of isopenicillin with phenyl acetate to produce penicillin G is catalysed by acyltransferase. This reaction is encoded by the gene penDE, which is unique in the process of obtaining penicillins.

Thiazole is a heterocyclic compound that contains both sulfur and nitrogen. Thiazole itself is a pale yellow liquid with a pyridine-like odour. The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the vitamin thiamine (B₁).

Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid.

Caseinase is an enzyme that is produced by the human body to help break down milk.

Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme that can perform proteolysis. It is synthesized in the pancreas by protein biosynthesis as a precursor called chymotrypsinogen that is enzymatically inactive.

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain. It is an antioxidant preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides.

Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognised as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders.

Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. It is found in urine as a normal product of protein metabolism.

Phenylalanine is an α-amino acid . This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. L-Phenylalanine (LPA) is an electrically neutral amino acid.The codons for L-phenylalanine are UUU and UUC.

Vitamin B₁₂ is commercially produced only by fermentation, i.e. microbiological method, due to its very complex structure.

L-glutamic acid was the first amino acid to be produced by microorganisms.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is used for producing alginate.

This is the correct match. Pollulan is produced by using the fungus Aureobasidium pollulans. Gellan is produced by Pseudomonas elodea. The exopolysaccharide curdlan is commercially produced by employing Alcaligenes faecalis. Scleroglucan is a fungal heoxpolysaccharide. It is commercially produced by Sclerotium glucanicum.

This is the correct statement. Making antiviral medicines is harder because viruses have few biochemical mechanisms of their own. They enter our cells and use our machinery for their life processes.