Biomolecules and Enzymes

Tyrosine is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group.

Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates. In neuroscience, glutamate is an important neurotransmitter that plays a key role in long-term potentiation and is important for learning and memory.

Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as codon UGG.

These proteins contain energy, which can be released during metabolism processes in the organism. Egg ovalbumin and milk casein are such proteins. Almost all proteins can be digested and used as a source of energy and building material by other organisms.

Isoleucine is necessary for the optimal growth of infants and for nitrogen balance in adults.

L-carnosine supports healthy ageing and cellular rejuvenation by its effects on two mechanisms: glycosylation and free radical damage.

Alanine is necessary for the promotion of proper blood glucose levels from dietary protein. It stimulates lymphocyte production and may help people who have immune suppression. It also strengthens the immune system by producing antibodies.

All are proteins.

One of the main conformational parameter of the amino acid structure is the value of the PHI and PSI angles. These angles completely define the conformation of the polypeptide chain. With some special values for these angles the main chain can adopt specially classified conformations, like alpha-helix or beta-strand. The other main feature of the protein secondary structure is the local stabilisation by hydrogen bonds. These conformations are classified as a protein secondary structure.

Nucleic acids are linear polymers (chains) of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase (sometimes termed nitrogenous base or simply base), a pentose sugar; and a phosphate group. The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids are connected to each other in an alternating chain (sugar-phosphate backbone) through phosphodiester linkages.

In proteins, the secondary structure is defined by the patterns of hydrogen bonds between backbone amide and carboxyl groups. The hydrogen bonding patterns may be significantly distorted, which makes an automatic determination of secondary structure difficult.

An all-β proteins is a class of structural domains in which the secondary structure is composed entirely of β-sheets, with the possible exception of a few isolated α-helices on the periphery. Common examples include the SH3 domain, the beta-propeller domain, the immunoglobulin fold and B3 DNA binding domain.

Hemoglobin is a complex protein (specifically a globular protein) found in red blood cells that contains iron and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules. It is not a mineral (though it contains iron), not plasma (the liquid portion of blood), and not simply an 'organic substance' - it is specifically a structured protein with a precise molecular composition essential for respiration.

It functions as an antioxidant and protects our body against radiation and pollutions.

These are proteins linked with various metals. Example: Casein, collagen, ceruloplasmin etc.