Acids and Bases

A coordinate bond is formed by two atoms sharing a pair of electrons. The atoms are held together because the electron pair is attracted by both of the nuclei.For example,NH₄⁺ is formed by the transfer of a hydrogen ion from the hydrogen chloride to the lone pair of electrons on the ammonia molecule.H₂SO₄ also has this type of bonding pattern.

Formic acid is commonly used in the rubber industry to coagulate latex (rubber milk) into solid rubber. It acts as an acidifying agent to lower the pH of the latex.

Water is amphoteric because it can act as both an acid (donating a proton) and a base (accepting a proton) depending on the chemical environment. This is evidenced by its ability to self-ionize into hydronium and hydroxide ions.

Muriatic acid is a historical name for hydrochloric acid (HCl), commonly used in industrial cleaning.

Vinegar is essentially a dilute solution of acetic acid, typically containing 5 to 8 percent acetic acid by volume. The other acids listed are not the primary components of standard vinegar.

By definition, all Arrhenius acids dissociate in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+).

The medium of plasma is basic as its pH is 7.4.

This option is correct and can be explained as follows: Basicity is defined as the number of replaceable H atoms. Since phosphorus acid H₃PO₃ has only two replaceable atoms its basicity is two.

This option is correct because for strong acids (which are completely ionized) only concentration is the measure of strength but for weak acids (which are incompletely ionized) both degree of ionization (K_a) and concentration is required.

This option is correct as we know that aprotic solvents do not have replaceable hydrogen in them and are non-polar or very weakly polar non-dissociated liquid which do not solvate strongly. Like Hydrocarbons, C₆H₆ maintains all these properties and is an aprotic solvent.

This option is correct as we know that acids always donate a proton and in the given reaction NH₃ changes to NaNH₂ which contains NH₂^- ion. This means that NH₃ has donated a proton to Na. Hence, acts as an acid.

This answer is correct and can be explained as follows: Sulphanillic acid contains SO₃H and NH₂ group. The SO₃H group is capable of donating H⁺ and it acts as an arrhenius acid while nitrogen in NH₂ group contains a lone pair of electrons and acts as a Lewis Base by donating it. Hence, sulphanillic acid is both an arrhenius acid and Lewis Base.

This option is correct because glycine contains both acidic and basic groups and it undergoes mutual neutralization to form zwitter ions as shown below by the reaction: NH₂-CH₂-COOH → N⁺H₃-CH₂-COO^-

This option is correct because we know that soft acid includes ions of heavier transition metals and those in lower oxidation states which are large sized and their outer orbits are easily distorted. Since cadmium is also from heavier transition metals having outer orbits which are easily distorted due to inert pair effect, it is a soft acid.