Testing that's performed to determine how fast some aspect of a system performs under a particular workload is
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stress testing
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Load testing
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volume testing
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performance testing
Performance testing specifically measures how fast system aspects perform under particular workloads. While load testing applies demand, performance testing focuses on measuring speed and responsiveness metrics.
Performance testing is defined as testing conducted to determine how fast some aspect of a system performs under a particular workload — exactly matching the question's wording, which is the standard ISTQB/software-testing glossary definition. Load testing is a specific type of performance testing focused on behavior under increasing/expected user load. Stress testing evaluates system behavior beyond normal or peak capacity, looking for breaking points and graceful degradation. Volume testing examines behavior when subjected to large volumes of data, not speed under workload. Since the question asks specifically about determining 'how fast' a system performs, it's the general/umbrella term 'performance testing' that fits, not the narrower load or stress variants.