Tag: history

Al-Biruni was born in 973, in Khwarizm in present-day Uzbekistan. Khwarizm was an important center of learning, and Al-Biruni received the best education available at the time. Al-Beruni came to India during the period of Sultan of Muhammad of Ghazni.

Alauddin Khalji was the powerful ruler. He extended the boundaries of Delhi sultanate beyond Vindhyas up to the Deccan. He was a great administrator. To maintain his army, Alauddin Khalji gave the order to measure all land which was under cultivation. The land was divided and land revenue fixed according to its fertility. He also began the audit of the accounts of his officers.

In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq Dynasty. 

Iltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi to issue regular currency and declare Delhi as the capital of his empire. He was the second ruler of the Delhi Sultanate (1211 – 1236), belonging to the Mamluk dynasty.

Kitab al-Hind is is the result of long years of hard work and  perseverance of Al-Biruni’s who was an Iranian scholar. He had written about the religious, political and intellectual aspects of  india. The book is divided into 80 chapters each with a sub-heading indicating the topics which it relates. 

The first Mongol invasion of India took place in the reign of Sultan lltutmish. In 1221, the Mongols, under Genghis Khan, appeared for the first time on the banks of the river Indus.

Minhaj al-Siraj, was a 13th-century Persian historian born in the Ghurid capital city of Firuzkuh, which was located in Ghor Province. 

The nobles were a powerful force in the Sultanate period. Most of the nobles were Turkish in origin. Most of the provincial governors, military commanders and high ranking officials in the government came from this noble class.

Alauddin Khalji implemented strict agrarian reforms, including the collection of land revenue at the rate of 50 percent of the produce, to maintain a large standing army and control inflation.