Tag: general knowledge

Howard Temin and David Baltimore independently discovered reverse transcriptase in 1970, an enzyme that transcribes RNA into DNA - a process crucial for HIV replication. Watson and Crick discovered DNA's double helix structure, while Wilkins and Franklin contributed to X-ray crystallography studies of DNA.

AS Saint-Étienne holds the record for most Ligue 1 titles with 10 championships (1957, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981). Lyon dominated the 2000s with 7 consecutive titles but is second overall. Bordeaux and Nantes have 6 and 2 titles respectively, far behind Saint-Étienne's record.

Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India by sea, landing at Calicut (Kozhikode) in 1498. Albuquerque was a Portuguese viceroy who came later. Vespucci explored the Americas. Indiana Jones is a fictional character. The question specifies European context.

Kirkpatrick Macmillan (also spelled McMillan) invented the first rear-wheel-driven bicycle in 1839-1840. Fleming discovered penicillin. Colt invented the revolver. The question tests bicycle invention history, though claims about early bicycles are sometimes debated.

The University of Calcutta (founded 1857) is the oldest modern-style university in India with Western academic structure, and Lord Canning was its first Vice-Chancellor (also serving as Governor-General). Aliah University (1780 as Muhammadan College) is older but was a traditional Islamic seminary, not a 'modern university' in the Western sense.

The Calcutta Football League (CFL) started in 1898, making it Asia's oldest football league. It was organized by the Indian Football Association (IFA). The league continues to this day, primarily featuring clubs from Kolkata and West Bengal.

A.O. Hume (Allan Octavian Hume), a British civil servant, founded the Indian National Congress in 1885. Annie Besant was a later president (1917). Motilal Nehru and Lala Lajpat Rai were prominent Congress leaders but not founders. The Congress was initially formed to provide a platform for political dialogue.

Lord George Curzon, Viceroy of India from 1899-1905, implemented the controversial partition of Bengal on October 16, 1905, dividing it along Hindu-Muslim lines. Bentinck (1830s), Warren Hastings (1770s), and Dalhousie (1848-1856) served much earlier. The partition was annulled in 1911 due to massive opposition.

The Indian National Congress split into extremists (led by Tilak) and moderates (led by Gokhale) at the Surat Session in 1907. The split occurred over methods of achieving independence - moderates favored constitutional methods while extremists demanded swaraj. Banaras, Pune, and Bombay sessions did not see this formal split.

The Royal Calcutta Golf Club (RCGC), established in 1829, is the first golf club outside Britain and the oldest in India. Tollygunge Club (1895) and Calcutta Golf Club are later. Fort William is a military fort, not a golf club. RCGG was founded by British expatriates and received 'Royal' prefix in 1845.