Tag: biology

Meats, dairy products, seeds, nuts and oils contain dietary fat which needs to be broken down to be absorbed by the system. While the bile contains bile salts that emulsifies and pancreatic lipase acts to break lipids, to be absorbed in the blood stream this goes through further breakdown process in the small intestine where lacteals found in the villi of the intestinal wall help the lipids to pass through the  lymphatic system.

Lipids are fat-like molecule that cannot dissolve in water. When these reach the small intestine, the enzymes present there responsible for fat digestion acts on it. The pancreatic lipase breaks lipids down, resulting in free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Further, these are resynthesized into triglycerides which enter the lymphatic capillaries and lacteals present as the finger-like projections of the villi these acts on the lipids so as to be absorbed before they enter the bloodstream. 

Soybean seeds have 40% protein content and 20% of oil which accounts for 60% weight of dry soybeans. The remainder 35% is carbohydrate. With the highest protein content among plant products, 100g serving of soybean consists of 17g protein, 1g of saturated fat, 10g of carbohydrate and 6g of fibre. 

A gram of butter provides more energy than a gram of sugar because butter has more carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Fat contains 9 kcal per gram, whereas carbohydrates and protein only contain 4 kcal per gram. 

Plant materials include a wide and varied group of plant parts from many species. General categories of plant materials include grasses, rushes, barks, woods, gourds, stems, roots, seeds, and leaves. These materials can be used to construct baskets, netting, cordage, and even fabrics. Common production methods include felting, knitting, knotting, coiling, plaiting, and weaving. 

Weak stemmed plants climb over the support are called twinners. They climb by the stem itself.

Arthur Kornberg purified and characterized DNA polymerase from E. coli cells which is encoded by the polA gene. It catalyzes phosphoryl group transfer. The 3-hydroxyl group of the nucleotide at the 3' end of the growing strand serve as nucleophile for nucleophilic attack at the $\alpha$ phosphorus of the incoming deoxynucleoside triphosphate. Inorganic pyrophosphate is released in the reaction. 

DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms may specifically repair double-strand breaks, i.e., a break in both complementary strands of DNA. Single-strand breaks are repaired by DNA ligase using the complementary strand of the double helix as a template, with DNA ligase creating the final phosphodiester bond to fully repair the DNA. DNA ligase has applications in both DNA repair and DNA replication.