Tag: biology

Pernicious anaemia marked by a decrease in the number of red blood cells which is caused by a reduced ability to absorb vitamin $B _{12}$.

Iodine is a critical component of thyroid hormones. A deficiency in iodine prevents the thyroid from producing enough hormone, leading to its enlargement, known as a goiter.

Anaemia is most commonly caused by a deficiency of iron (Fe), which is essential for the production of hemoglobin in red blood cells. While other minerals are important for health, iron deficiency is the primary nutritional cause of anaemia.

Goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is most commonly caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. Iodine is a critical component required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Pernicious anaemia is a type of macrocytic anaemia caused by the inability to absorb vitamin B12, often due to a lack of intrinsic factor. It is considered particularly harmful because it can lead to severe neurological complications if left untreated.

Goitre is primarily caused by iodine deficiency, which is a mineral, not a vitamin. Keratomalacia and xerophthalmia are caused by vitamin A deficiency, and Addison's disease can be associated with various causes, but goitre is the classic example of a mineral-deficiency disease in this list.

1. Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems.
2.  If an individual is not provided with enough nutrients, they are called undernutrition or undernourishment while too much is called overnutrition.
3.  If undernutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development.
4. Symptoms that include: a short height, thin body, very poor energy levels, and swollen legs and abdomen. Hence, malnutrition has a tremendous effect on the health of an individual, especially in children.
   

Iron is an important requirement for the biosynthesis of hemoglobin in human body. Hence, iron deficiency will lead to deficiency of hemoglobin, i.e., reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood called as anemia. Hypochromic anemia is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal. It is important to note that iron is not readily absorbed in the body. Vitamin C enhances iron absorption in body. Hence, iron rich food like non vegetarian diet is usually served with salad sprinkled with lemon juice.

Abscisic acid is a phytohormone critical for plant growth and development and plays an important role in integrating various stress signals and controlling downstream stress responses. Plants have to adjust ABA levels constantly in response to changing physiological and environmental conditions. ABA causes the closure of stomata. It thus helps in reducing the rate of transpiration.

Abscisic acid is also called as abscism. It is a plant hormone which has carotenoid as precursor. ABA functions in many plant developmental processes, including bud dormancy. ABA is an isoprenoid plant hormone, which is synthesized in the plastidal 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, unlike the structurally related sesquiterpenes, which are formed from the mevalonic acid-derived precursor farnesyl diphosphate, the C15 backbone of ABA is formed after cleavage of C40 carotenoids in MEP.