Tag: biology

The protonema is part of the gametophytic generation, which is haploid. The capsule, columella, and seta are parts of the sporophytic generation, which is diploid.

The annulus is a ring of specialized cells located between the operculum (the lid) and the theca (the main body of the capsule), which helps in the dehiscence of the capsule.

In bryophytes like Funaria, the zygote develops into the sporophyte while remaining within the archegonium. The archegonium provides protection and nourishment during the early stages of development.

Funaria is a bryophyte, which lacks true roots, stems, and leaves; it uses rhizoids for anchorage. Pteridium is a pteridophyte, which possesses true vascular tissues including roots, stems, and leaves.

In Funaria archegonia, there are multiple neck canal cells, not just two. The other statements correctly describe the sporophyte's semi-parasitic nature, the endothecial origin of spores, and the protonema stage.

The spores of Funaria are generally viable for a longer period than one year. The other statements regarding stomata in the capsule epidermis, the thickness of the spore sac, and the presence of trabeculae are correct.

The primary protonema is a characteristic juvenile stage in the life cycle of mosses, such as Funaria. It develops directly from the germinating spore.

Funaria is monoecious, meaning both male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) sex organs are produced on the same plant body, though often on different branches.

Ferns (pteridophytes) and Funaria (bryophytes) reproduce via spores rather than seeds. Ficus, Punica, and Pinus are seed-producing plants (spermatophytes).