Tag: properties of urine and regulation of urine formation

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Questions Related to properties of urine and regulation of urine formation

Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

The maximum amount of electrolytes and water $(70-80\,per cent)$ from the glomerular filtrate is re-absorbed in which part of the nephron?

  1. Ascending limb of loop of Henle

  2. Distal convoluted tubule

  3. Proximal convoluted tubule

  4. Descending limb of loop of Henle
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

About $0-80%$ of the glomerular filtrate is reabosrbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, sodium, potassium, chlorides, phosphates, bicarbonates, much of water and some urea are reabsorbed from the filtrate. 

Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

A large quantity of fluid is filtered everyday by nephrons in the kidneys but only about $1%$ of it is excreted as urine. The remaining $99%$ of the filtrate

  1. is stored in the urinary bladder

  2. is re-absorbed into the blood

  3. gets collected in the renal pelvis

  4. is lost as sweat
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

A comparison of the volume of the filtrate formed per day ($180$ litres per day) with that of the urine released ($%1.5$ litres). suggests that nearly $99%$ of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules into the blood. 

Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

Which of the following will lead to an increase in glomerular fluid filtration in the kidney?

  1. An increase in the protein concentration in the plasma

  2. An increase in the fluid pressure in Bowman's space.

  3. An increase in the glomerular capillary blood pressure.

  4. A decrease in the glomerular capillary blood pressure.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The main driving force favouring fluid filtration from the glomerular capillary to Bowman's space is glomerular capillary blood pressure($P _{GC}$). 

So the correct option is C.

Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

Which one of the following is also known as the antidiuretic hormone?

  1. Oxytocin

  2. Vasopressin

  3. Adrenaline

  4. Calcitonin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone that helps your kidneys manage the amount of water in your body. 

ADH is also called arginine vasopressin. It’s a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. 
So the correct answer is 'Vasopressin'. 

Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

The function of renin is 

  1. Stimulation of corpus luteum

  2. Vasodilation

  3. To reduce blood pressure

  4. Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
The function of renin is to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and further to angiotensin II in response to fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular blood pressure/GFR. Angiotensin II, being a powerful vasoconstrictor, increases the glomerular blood pressure and thereby GFR. It also activates adrenal cortex  to release aldosterone. Aldosterone causes reabsorption of $Na^{+}$ and water from distal parts of the tubule. This also leads to an increase in blood pressure and GFR.
So, the correct answer is 'Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I'.
Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

Suppose you are developing a new drug, and have found that when it is administered in humans, there is a substantial increase in the volume of urine produced. When you administer antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) at the same time, the volume of urine returns to normal. Which hypothesis best fits these observations?

  1. Blocks the receptors for ADH on the collecting of the kidney

  2. Blocks the release of ADH from the pituitary

  3. Mimics the action of ADH

  4. Decreases blood pressure
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

The hormone that promotes reabsorption of water from glomerular filtrate is

  1. Oxytocin

  2. Vasopressin

  3. Relaxin

  4. Calcitonin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Tubular reabsorption is the process by which solutes and water are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood. It is called reabsorption. Reabsorption is a two-step process beginning with the active or passive extraction of substances from the tubule fluid into the renal interstitium, and then the transport of these substances from the interstitium into the bloodstream. These transport processes are driven by Starling forces, diffusion, and active transport. Some key regulatory hormones for reabsorption include: aldosterone, which stimulates active sodium reabsorption; antidiuretic hormone, which stimulates passive water reabsorption. Both hormones exert their effects principally on the collecting ducts.

Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

It there is deficiency of ADH its effect would be

  1. The volume of urine will increase.

  2. The volume of urine will decrease.

  3. The pH of urine will change from 4.8 to 8.00.

  4. Secretion of urochrome takes place.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

ADH targets nephrons in the kidney to increase water reabsorption and thereby decreasing water content in urine. The inability of the neurohypophysial system to produce ADH causes excess urine production with resultant ion loss from the blood. This condition is known as diabetes insipidus (watery urine). This makes option A correct and option B incorrect. Since ADH regulates the urine volume, not its pH, option C is incorrect. Urochrome is the yellow pigment, derived from the breakdown of heme, which is deposited in blood and then is excreted by kidney with urine. This makes option D incorrect. The correct answer is A.

Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete A when there is a fall in B concentration. Choose the correct pair labelled as A and B.

  1. A : Renin, B : Chloride

  2. A : Carbonic anhydrase, B : Sodium

  3. A : ATPase, B : Potassium

  4. A : Renin, B : Sodium chloride
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Juxtaglomerular cells are the specialized smooth muscle cells present in the walls of the afferent arterioles that go to the glomerulus. Their function is to produce an enzyme called renin when the osmolarity of blood changes. Renin converts angiotensin secreted by the liver into angiotensin$I$. This is later converted into angiotensin$II$ by an enzyme released by lungs. Angiotensin$II$ acts on adrenal glands to stimulate the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone helps in reabsorption of na+ and water from distal convoluted tubule and the concentration of Na$^+$ ions decreases in the filtrate. 

So juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin when then is fall in sodium chloride  concentration
So, the correct option is D.

Multiple choice zoology excretion and osmoregulation regulation of urine formation properties of urine and regulation of urine formation coordination in human beings- chemical control

A fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) activates 

  1. Juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

  2. Adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

  3. Adrenal medulla to release adrenaline

  4. Posterior pituitary to release vasopressin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A fall in GFR can stimulate the JG cells to release renin which can stimulate the glomerular blood flow and thereby the GFR comes back to normal.