Tag: partition of bengal and anti-partition movement

Dyarchy, also spelled diarchy, is a system of double government introduced by the Government of India Act (1919) for the provinces of British India. In the Government of India Act 1919, the spheres of the central and provincial governments were demarcated by a division of subjects into “central” and “provincial”. Generally speaking, the central subjects included all subjects directly administered by the Government of India or in which extra-provincial interests were dominant. The provincial subjects included subjects in which the interests of the provinces essentially predominated. Hence, Option A is correct. The Government of India Act 1935 ensured the abolition of provincial dyarchy and the introduction of dyarchy at the centre. In 1895, the Government Grants Act was passed. The Indian Councils Act 1909 or Morley-Minto Reforms or Minto-Morley Reforms was passed by British Parliament in 1909 in an attempt to widen the scope of legislative councils, placate the demands of moderates in Indian National Congress and to increase the participation of Indians the governance. Hence, these options are incorrect. 

The song Vande Mataram, composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji, was a source of inspiration to the people in their struggle for freedom. The first political occasion when it was sung was the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. 

• Lucy Stone spoke out against slavery and for women’s rights at a time when it was not popular for women to speak in public, and fought for women rights.
  
• Lord Curzon was responsible for Partition of Bengal
  
• Shanars were Nadars tribe, cultivators from south who were doing Toddy trade. 
  
• The Parsi style of wearing the saree adopted by Jnanadanandini Devi, wife of Satyendranath Tagore came to be known as Brahmika saree, because it was adopted by the Brahmo Samaj women

Permanent settlement of Bengal was introduced in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis. It was introduced in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, parts of Northern Karnataka, Varanasi and some other areas. The Zamindars needed to pay a fixed amount of land revenue on a fixed date every year. This amount could not be increased later, however, if the Zamindar failed to pay the amount on fixed date, the Company could sell their land via public auction.

The congress was divided into two camps-Extremist and Moderates at the Surat session of 1907. The Moderates believed in the constitutional methods of protests like petitions, prayers, meetings,etc. Extremists, on the other hand, believed in agitation, strikes and boycotts to force their demands. This difference in ideologies was one of the main reasons that led to the split in the Congress.

The Swadeshi and boycott movement was an effort by Indian people to oppose British rule. It began in 1905 when British officials decided to separate the Bengal province. The decision to effect the partition of Bengal was announced in July 1905 by the Viceroy of India Lord Curzon. Indians responded by boycotting British products and using only Indian-made goods.

Vande Mataram is a Bengali poem written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870s and composed by Rabindranath Tagore. It was included in the 1881 novel Anandamath by BC Chattopadhyay. It became a popular marching song for political activism and the Swadeshi movement in 1905. 

Rabindranath Tagore composed National Anthem of India i.e. Jana Gana Man. 

Lord Curzon ordered partition of Bengal for the first time. The order was made public in 1903 and the official reason given was that Bengal with a population of 78 million had become too big to be administered. The reason was true to an extent but the real motive was to weaken the nerve centre of the movement by dividing it on the lines of religion. The decision met with wide opposition in the form of Swadeshi movement. It was decided to annul the partition of Bengal in 1911 mainly to control the danger of revolutionary terrorism.

Swadeshi Movement was started in 1905 to oppose the British decision of partitioning of Bengal.  It involved boycotting British products and the revival of domestic products and production processes. The objective was to exert sufficient pressure on the Government to prevent the unjust partition of Bengal from being implemented. But still the government went on with the decision and announced the partition in July 1905.