Tag: autonomic nervous system

• The autonomic nervous system(ANS) is the part of the nervous system responsible for the control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
• Sympathetic ganglia deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response.
  
• There are usually 22-23 pairs of sympathetic ganglia present in ANS: 3 in the cervical region (cervical ganglia), 11 in the thoracic region (note the presence of the stellate cervicothoracic ganglia), 4 in the lumbar region and 4-5 in the sacral region.
  
• So, the correct answer is '22'.

The autonomic nervous system is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs. 

• The autonomic nervous system has three branches: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
  
• The autonomic nervous system is unique in that it requires a sequential two-neuron efferent pathway; the preganglionic neuron must first synapse onto a postganglionic neuron before innervating the target organ.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Acts on skeletal muscles'.

• The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain. It's located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland. 
  
• The hypothalamus is the link between the endocrine and nervous systems. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones, which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body.
• Hence Hypothalamus integrates Nervous and endocrine system.
• So, the correct answer is 'Hypothalamus'.

Vagus is $10^{th}$ cranial nerve. It originates from the sides of medulla oblongata. In vertebrates it consists of sensory and motor fibres.

The central nervous system includes brain and spinal cord. It integrates and stores the sensory information from external and internal sense organs and commands different organs to respond accordingly. This makes option A incorrect. Peripheral nervous system lies outside the central nervous system. It serves to carry the sensory information from external sensory receptors to CNS and motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles via its somatic division (the voluntary actions). The autonomous division of peripheral nervous system controls the cardiac and smooth muscles and glands, thereby the functioning of internal organs, without our conscious control (the involuntary actions). This makes option B incorrect and option C correct. The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are part of peripheral nervous system and are mostly concerned with head, neck and facial region of the body (vagus nerve X being the part of autonomous division serves as an exception). Option D is incorrect.  Correct answer is C. 

• Myenteric plexus is also called as Auerbach's plexus, they are nerve cells and are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. It controls peristalsis (Swallowing of food).
  
• Argentaffin cells are present at the lining of the gastrointestinal tract and perform the function of secretion thus produces serotonin.
• Meissner's plexus is also called as submucosal plexus, it is located on the lining of the mucosa. It is responsible for the secretion of intestinal juice.
• The liver also called as 'Hepar' that contains hepatic cells. These hepatic cells are responsible for the secretion of heparin.
• So, the correct option is 'A - (ii), B - (i), C - (iv), D - (iii)'.

The sense of smell and sight of food are governed by olfactory and optic responses which work together to initiate the neural response during cephalic phase of digestion. Sight, smell and sense of food initiate the neural response in which central nervous system prepares the stomach to receive food. The responses include salivation and secretion of gastric juices. This makes options C and D incorrect and option B correct. The ingestion of food stimulates the hormonal responses to food which includes endocrine system to ensure releases of various digestive hormones at appropriate time. Correct answer is B.

The sympathetic system is the system which mainly controls the involuntary actins. There are two kinds of neurons involved in the transmission of any signal through the sympathetic system: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic. The shorter preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (levels $T _1$-$L _2$). So, the correct answer is option C.

Empathy involves understanding and sharing another person's feelings from their perspective, whereas sympathy involves feelings of pity or sorrow for someone else's misfortune. They are related emotional responses but distinct concepts, making them not true synonyms.

The tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve fibres with their myelin sheaths is the white matter, that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centres. In contrast, the darker tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites is the grey matter. The function of grey matter is to route sensory or motor stimuli to interneurons of the CNS in order to create a response to the stimulus through chemical synapse activity.
So, the correct answer is option C.