Tag: branches of biotechnology

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Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

The first step in genetic engineering as

  1. Isolation of protein

  2. Purification of protein

  3. Isolation of genetic material

  4. Isolation of RNA
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
The first step in genetic engineering involves choosing and isolating the gene that will be inserted into/removed from the genetically modified organism. Then the gene must be combined with a promoter and terminator region as well as a selectable marker gene. Then the gene must be spliced into the target's DNA. For animals, the gene must be inserted into embryonic stem cells. The resulting organism must have the presence of the target gene confirmed. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Advancement in genetic engineering has been possible due to the discovery of 

  1. Exonucleases

  2. Endonucleases

  3. Transposons

  4. Oncogenes
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction; while host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme (a methyltransferase) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage. Together, these two processes form the restriction modification system. These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories, and are a vital tool in molecular cloning.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

The process of 'in vitro' manipulation of DNA is called as

  1. Tissue culture

  2. Genetic engineering

  3. Cloning

  4. DNA fingerprinting
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
Recombinant DNA technology is also referred to as gene cloning or in- vitro genetic manipulation. Genetic manipulation or engineering alters the genetic make-up of an organism using techniques that remove heritable material or that introduce DNA prepared outside the organism either directly into the host or into a cell that is then fused or hybridized with the host. This involves using recombinant nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) techniques to form new combinations of heritable genetic material followed by the incorporation of that material either indirectly through a vector system or directly through micro-injection, macro-injection and micro-encapsulation techniques.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.
Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Genetic engineering is possible, because

  1. The phenomenon of transduction in bacteria is well understood

  2. We can see DNA by electron microscope

  3. We can cut DNA at specific sites by endonucleases such as DNAase I

  4. Restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction; while host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme (a methyltransferase) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage. Together, these two processes form the restriction-modification system. These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories and are a vital tool in molecular cloning.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

In genetic engineering, the term vector is applied for 

  1. Plasmids

  2. Active viruses

  3. Source of DNA

  4. Cell which receives DNA
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Of these, the most commonly used vectors are plasmids. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

The technology that is used to make desired change on gene structure is

  1. Genetic engineering

  2. Recombinant DNA technology

  3. Gene cloning

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species to produce improved or novel organisms. 

Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. The term clone is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction. 
Recombinant DNA technology is a series of procedures that are used to join together (recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed from segments of two or more different DNA molecules. 

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

The first step in genetic engineering is

  1. Isolation of protein

  2. Purification of protein

  3. Isolation of genetic material

  4. Isolation of RNA
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. 

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Genetic engineering is used in

  1. Gene therapy

  2. Vaccine production

  3. Obtaining transgenic plants

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, anti haemophilic factors, vaccines, and many other drugs. In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. Industrial applications include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein. Mass quantities of the protein can be produced by growing the transformed organism in bioreactors using fermentation, then purifying the protein. Genetic engineering is also used in agriculture to create genetically-modified crops or genetically-modified organisms
So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'
Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Restriction enzymes are isolated chiefly from

  1. Algae

  2. Fungi

  3. Protozoa

  4. Prokaryotes

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
Restriction endonucleases are enzymes, isolated chiefly from prokaryotes, that recognize specific nucleotide sequences within double stranded DNA and cleaves it at these sites. These restriction endonucleases facilitate the specific fragmentation of double stranded DNA and are very useful for DNA sequence analysis. These enzymes can be classified into three groups. Type I and type III enzymes carry a modification (methylation) and an ATP requiring restriction (cleavage) activity within the same protein. Both types of enzymes identify unmethylated sequences in substrate DNA, but type I enzymes cleave randomly, whereas type III enzymes cut DNA at specific sites. Type II restriction enzyme consist of a separate restriction endonuclease and a modification methylase. 
Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Various enzymes and hormones can be produced on a large scale by employing the recombinant __________ technique.

  1. DNA

  2. RNA

  3. Viral

  4. Bacterial
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Recombinant DNA (or rDNA) is made by combining DNA from two or more sources. In practice, the process often involves combining the DNA of different organisms. The process depends on the ability to cut and re-join DNA molecules at points which are identified by specific sequences of nucleotide bases called restriction sites. DNA fragments are cut out of their normal position in the chromosome using restriction enzymes (also called restriction endonucleases) and then inserted into other chromosomes or DNA molecules using enzymes called ligases.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.