Tag: external forces - responsible for changes

 The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels known as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines. 

Deserts soils are usually light coloured with minimal humus content due to which the plant productivity is low. Also the water retaining capacity is very less. However they are rich in minerals-calcium carbonate (caliche), gypsum, and/or salts.

Caves, arches, stacks, and stumps are erosional features that are commonly found on a headland. Cracks are widened in the headland through the erosional processes of hydraulic action and abrasion. As the waves continue to grind away at the crack, it begins to open up to form a cave.

• Soil erosion is the loss of top fertile layer of soil either by wind or by water.
  
• Sheet Erosion: Uniform removal of the top soil just like a sheet. It is resulted because of water flow.
  

Gypsum can form anywhere where the right combination of mineral elements occurs and evaporation happens. It occurs as clumps of crystals or in thick beds. Gypsum beds were formed in shallow sea basins. These geologic areas are called evaporation basins because as the climate changed from tropic to arid the water evaporated concentrating the minerals it held. Gypsum formations can also occur in tidal flats along coastlines, in lagoons, deltas, hot springs, volcanic areas, desert water tables and even on plant roots.