Tag: parts of respiration

• As the reaction of glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cell where it can proceed in the absence of oxygen molecule. 
• It does not require the presence of oxygen of to proceed further.
• It will produce 4 ATP molecules and use 2 molecules of ATP, which gives the cell the net gain of 2 ATP at the end of the glycolysis process.
• Presence of oxygen or absence of oxygen does not hinder the process of glycolysis and prodution of ATP by glycolysis.
• Therefore the answere option 'glycolysis produces equal numbers of ATP molecules regardless of the presence or absence of oxygen' is true.
  

The initial processes for energy generation by prokaryotes included anaerobic processes such as Glycolysis and Fermentation. The latter happening of endosymbiosis was the major revolution in bringing up aerobic respiration with the advent of mitochondria within the cells.

• Glycolysis is the pathway were one molecule of glucose is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate by the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions.
• 2 molecules of ATP are used in phosphorylation reaction of glycolysis. First while conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and the second one during conversion of fructose to fructose1,6-biphosphate.
• While 4 ATP molecules are produced in the dephosphorylation reaction. 2 ATP are produced while conversion of  1,3 bisphosphoglyceric acid to 3-phosphoglyceric acid and another 2 ATP during conversion of phosphophenolepyruvate to pyruvic acid.
• So the net gain of ATP at the end of one glycolysis reaction is 2. SO glycolysis is not a efficient pathway for the production of ATP in animal cells, in turn it is a part of the chain of reaction which take place before aerobic or anaerobic respiration in animal cells.
• Glycolysis provided the reaction of aerobic and anaerobic respiration with the substrates to carry the reaction further and produce ATPs in mitochondria where the prominent reactions for production of energy in animal cell takes place.
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and the product of the glycolysis is transported to the mitochondria.
• Therefore Glycolysis is not the most efficient pathway for ATP production. So the sentence above is FALSE and therefore the option 'False' is correct.
  

• NADH is formed in the glycolysis after the reaction of conversion Glyceradehyde 3 phosphate to 3 phosphoglyeric acid when electrons re released and are accepted by the NAD.
• ATP is formed  while conversion of 1,3 bisphosphoglyceric acid to phospoglyceric acid and also while conversion of phosphophenol to pyruvic acid.
• And pyruvate is the end product of the glycolysis.
• FADH is the product which is formed  during the the kerb cycle while formation of succunic acid to malic acid.
• Thereofte the correct answer is '$FADH _2$'

After fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol, the following products can take place in cellular respiration.

In the energy conserving phase of glycolysis, the conversion of BPGA to PGA is catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase. The phosphate on carbon 1 is transferred to a molecule of ADP, yielding ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. This type of ATP synthesis, traditionally referred to as substrate-level phosphorylation, involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, to form ATP.
$1,3-bisphosphoglycerate+ADP\overset{Phosphoglycerate kinase}{\underset{{Mg}^{2+}}{\rightleftharpoons}}3-phosphoglycerate+ATP$

Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH,2 pyruvate molecules. It is the aerobic catabolic breakdown of glucose, which produces energy of 68KJ in form of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which itself enters a citric acid cycle to produce more energy.