Tag: pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo

Pollination is the transfer of pollens from the male anther to the female stigma. It is carried out by the help of animals, birds, insects, water and wind. Pollination carried out by bats is called chiropterophily. The pollination carried out by the birds is called ornithophily. The pollination carried out by snails is called malacophily. The pollination carried out by insects is called entomophily.

Pollination by agency of insects is known as entomophily or insect pollination. Bees, butterflies, moths and beetles are main pollinating insects. Insect pollinated flowers are large, conspicuous, bright coloured and have pleasant smell. They have nectarines on receptacles or on spurs at the base of flower whorls and produce nectar to attract insects. Option A is incorrect. Pollination by agency of birds is known as ornithophily. The common pollinating birds are squirrels, bats, snails etc. the bird pollinated flowers are colourful, mostly red, produce lots of nectar and also exhibit adaptations to protect nectar from insects. Option C is incorrect. Pollination by bats is known as chiropterophily. The plants produce large, bell shaped and attractive flowers that open at night and produce strong odours and nectar. Option D is incorrect. Pollination by snails and slug is called as malacophily. These flowers have long blooming period to facilitate access of pollen to snails. 

Tissue culture technology is grounded on the fact that the entire plant can be regenerated from explants. This capacity to produce a whole plant from any cell/explant is named totipotency. Individually these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant. Several important food plants like tomato, apple, banana, etc., can be generated on the commercial scale by this method.

Thus, the correct option is C.

The majority of angiosperms bear chasmogamous flowers, which means the flowers expose their mature anthers and stigma to the pollinating agents. There is another group of plants which set seeds without exposing their sex organs. Such flowers are called cleistogamous and the phenomenon cleistogamy.