Tag: the endocrine system

The proximal and distal convoluted tubules are parts of the nephron located within the renal cortex of the kidney.

Both statements are true so (c) will be the correct answer. All the extra water, excess salts and the nitrogenous wastes such as Urea have to be sent to the excretory system to be thrown out of the body.

• A hormone is derived from Greek"impetus" which is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism.
•  Hormones in animals are often transported in the blood.
•  Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone. Hence, Hormones are also known as Impetus. 
 So, the correct answer is 'Impetus'.

Chemically, hormones may be proteins, polypeptide's, amino acid derivatives or steroids. They help the body to cope up with infections, stress. trauma, starvation and extreme temperatures.

• Hormones have diverse chemical structures, mainly of three classes: eicosanoids, steroids, and amino acid/protein derivatives (amines, peptides, and proteins). 
• The glands that secrete hormones comprise the endocrine signalling system. The term hormone is sometimes extended to include chemicals produced by cells that affect the same cell (autocrine or intracrine signalling) or nearby cells (paracrine signalling). Hence, Chemically, hormones are Proteins and Steroids.

• Hormones are derivative of protein, amino acids, and steroids. Hormones are the chemical messenger that provide signals to the cell for performing the particular function. Hormones are used up completely in the metabolism.
• Enzymes are the catalyst, which enhances the biochemical reactions. Enzymes act at the place where they are formed. And enzymes do not get used up in the reaction. Hence, Hormones differ from enzymes in the respect that they are used completely in metabolism.

• A hormone may be defined as a specific product (organic substance) of an endocrine gland secreted into the blood which carries it to a specific part of the body where it produces a definite physiological effect. 
• Hormones exert their effects not where they are locally produced, but on other tissues of the body. And never stored in the body and synthesized at once.  Hence,  They have a high molecular weight and not found in plants is not the property of hormones.

• A hormone receptor is a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone.
• Hormone receptors are a wide family of proteins made up of receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones, retinoids and Vitamin D, and a variety of other receptors for various ligands, such as fatty acids and prostaglandins. Hence, Hormones affect distant cells by controlling Receptor proteins.  

A hormonal control is always involuntary. We cannot control its action by our wish. Eg$:$ Growth of height of an individual.

FSH and LH are collectively known as gonadotropic hormone because they regulate the growth and functioning of gonads.