Tag: the rise of nationalism in europe

In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers known as Red shirts to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy, the Papal States where a French garrison was stationed. 

Mazzini is called 'Prophet of Italian Unification'. He established Young Italy movement. He preached the idea that Italian unification can only be possible with the foreign help and Austria is the biggest obstacle to unification.

Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

The English East India Company established its first factory in India at Surat in 1612, following permission granted by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.

The original thirteen British colonies in North America were established along the Atlantic coast, which is the eastern seaboard of the continent.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a maritime empire in the Indian Ocean, focusing on controlling key trade routes and ports after Vasco da Gama reached India.

Brazil was colonized by Portugal, which is why Portuguese is the official language of Brazil today.

The people of the Netherlands are known as the Dutch, and their language is Dutch.

The Dutch East India Company established a significant colonial presence in the East Indies, which is modern-day Indonesia.

Italy brought the dreadful disease of Rinderpest to Africa. There was a large scale infection in Africa that caused major changes to animal life. Rinderpest entered in 1887 at Massawa from Indian cattle for the Italian army. Rinderpest swept from the Horn of Africa west to the Atlantic and south to the Cape of Good Hope. Ethiopia lost 95% of their cattle and most of the human population starved to death.