Tag: botany

Helophytes are plants in which the roots lie under the soil below the water level, but the aerial shoots protrude and develop above the water. Examples include Typha minima, common reed, etc.

A. Apospory -include formation of Diploid gametophytes, without meiosis and spores, from vegetative cells of the sporophyte. for example - mosses and ferns.
B. Heterospory- is fornation of spores of two different sizes i.e smaller of these, the microspore, is male and the larger megaspore is female by the sporophytes of land plants. for example -pteridophytes -Selaginella and Salvinia.
C. Parthenocarpy is the development of a fruit without fertilization, which makes the fruit seedless, for example- Pineapple, banana.

Pneumatophores are specialized aerial roots that grow upwards to facilitate gas exchange in the oxygen-poor, waterlogged soils typical of halophytic environments. Velamen is found in epiphytes, lenticels in stems, and hydathodes in leaves for guttation.

Vivipary is a condition where seeds germinate while still attached to the parent plant. This is a characteristic adaptation of mangroves like Rhizophora to survive in unstable, saline environments.

Rhizophora is a genus of tropical mangrove trees. These trees are specifically adapted to thrive in mangrove vegetation zones, which are coastal saline swamp areas.

A. Xerophyte- are plant that has adaptations to survive in an environment with little liquid water, such as a hot or cold desert. for example- cacti, pineapple and some Gymnosperm plants.
B. Halophyte- grows in waters of high salinity, as they are salt-tolerant plant. for example- Avicennia, Rhizophora, Atriplex.
C. Hydrophytes- are aquatic plants, which grows only in or on water.for example- Lotus, water lily, salvinia.
D. Mesophytes- a plant need only a moderate amount of water. as they are terrestrial plants which are neither adapted to particularly dry nor particularly wet environments. for example-goldenrod, clover, Rosa multiflora

Halophytes are plants that have evolved to tolerate or thrive in environments with high salinity, such as salt marshes or coastal areas. They possess mechanisms to manage high salt concentrations in their tissues.

Pneumatophores are respiratory roots that emerge from the soil to obtain oxygen in anaerobic conditions. They are a defining feature of mangroves, which are halophytic plants.

Mangrove is an ecosystem that connects sea and land.  Mangrove trees are adapted to survive salt water. Mangroove roots are a habitat of fish. The roots provide structure and habitat for organisms such as fish to grow upon and hide behind. Oysters, mussels, sponges, snails, small fish are examples of fish that lives around mangrove roots.