Tag: plants: structure and function

 Fruit of Sorghum is known as caryopsis. It is single seeded,pericarp is fused with seed coat completely and formed a joint structure termed as a grain. 

Climacteric fruits are those fruits which are associated with increased ethylene production and high cellular respiration during ripening such as apple, banana, mango, melon, and apricot. Such fruits ripen after harvesting and it is not essential for them to remain on the tree for ripening. Increase in ethylene production triggers up their ripening process. Certain fruits such as citrus, grapes, and strawberries are non-climacteric as they ripen without ethylene and respiratory bursts. 

Fruit of sunflower is cypsela. The fruit of the family Asteraceae is derived from a compound inferior ovary (with one locule). A special term for the Asteraceae fruit is cypsela (plural cypselae or cypselas). For example, the white-gray husks of a sunflower seed are the walls of the cypsela fruit. Many cypselas have calyx tissue attached that functions in biological dispersal of the seed.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Fruits of Shorea robusta (Dipterocarpaceae) and some other members of Dipterocarpaceae are also winged but the wings are not formed from the pericarp, rather wings are the persistent sepals of the calyx whorl, such a fruit is called as samaroids. 
The family bear erect creamy coloured inflorescenses and colourful samaroid fruit typical of their genus and have pairs of thorns below the rachis.
They are pollinated by different species of honey bee. In late summer, they bear colourful samaroid fruit, containing one seed each. The young shoots are useful as cattle.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

A silicle, is a short and broad silique, as in shepherds purse (Capsella). Both types are characteristic of plants in the mustard family. Silique or siliqua is a fruit of 2 fused carpels with the length being more than three times the width. When the length is less than three times the width of the dried fruit it is referred to as a silicle. The outer walls of the ovary usually separate when ripe, leaving a persistent partition called as replum.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

A hesperidium is a modified berry with a tough, leathery rind. The peel contains volatile oil glands in pits. The fleshy interior is composed of separate sections, called as carpels, filled with fluid-filled vesicles that are actually specialized hair cells. The outer ovary wall becomes the thick spongy layer of the rind, while the inner ovary wall becomes very juicy with several seeds. Thus, orange is a hesperidium, in this fruit the endocarp projects inwards forming distinct chambers and epicarp and mesocarp fuse to form the separable part. 

Drupe has a fleshy mesocarp and a stony endocarp. Due to this hard endocarp it is also called a stony fruit. 

The edible part in date is mesocarp. This mesocarp is surrounded by the skin which is epicarp. The mesocarp is the fruit pulp consisting of enlarged parenchymatous cells.