Tag: bio-chemistry

Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by B-lymphocytes within the human body as part of the adaptive immune response to identify and neutralize pathogens.

Immunoglobulins are the proteinaceous substances produced by the immune cells (B cell) that function as antibodies. The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Antibodies are small proteinaceous substance made by the immune cells. Antibodies attach to proteins and other chemicals in the body, which they recognise to be not normally found in the body ('foreign'). The foreign proteins and chemicals that antibodies attach to are called as antigens. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

• Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells).
• B lymphocytes are activated on their encounter with foreign agents. These foreign particles act as foreign markers.
• The B-cells immediately differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells produce antibodies specific to that foreign particle or so-called antigen.
  
• These antibodies attach to the surface of the antigen/foreign agent.
  
• These antibodies detect any antigen in the body and destroy it.
  
• Hence Antibodies are formed by Plasma cells.
• So, the correct answer is 'Plasma cells'.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that has been found only in mammals. IgE is synthesised by plasma cells. IgE also has an essential role in type I hypersensitivity which includes allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and specific types of chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis.

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph. Lymphocytes are involved in the activation of the immune system. Hence, B-lymphocytes are involved in the production of an antibody.

Mitochondria are the primary sites of aerobic respiration and are famously referred to as the powerhouses of the cell because they produce the majority of ATP.

One molecule of 3-phosphoglyceric acid enters the glycolytic pathway after the initial steps. Its complete oxidation through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle yields 16 ATP molecules.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is already phosphorylated. It bypasses the initial investment phase of glycolysis, resulting in a net gain of 40 ATP molecules upon complete oxidation.

Photosynthesis is an anabolic process, which helps in forming ATP, where it is called as energy currency. During the light reaction photophosphorylation takes place producing ATP and $NADPH _2$ which is used as energy source for dark reaction.