Tag: bio-chemistry

Embryonated eggs$\rightarrow $  Mouth $\rightarrow $ Intestine$\rightarrow $  Liver$\rightarrow $ 
($2^{nd}$ stage larva )
Heart $\rightarrow $ Lungs $\rightarrow $ trachea $\rightarrow $ Phyarynx $\rightarrow $ Intestine 
($4^{th}$ stage larva )

Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious condition, that causes swelling in the liver and brain. Reye's syndrome most often affects children and teenagers recovering from viral infection (flu or chickenpox). Aspirin has been linked with Reye's syndrome and should be used in caution, while giving to children or teenagers, while recovering from viral infections. Aspirin is a  pain killer or analgesic.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Analgesics'.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones, that bind to the glucocorticoid receptors. They are a part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity or inflammation down. They are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases caused by an overactive immune system, such as allergies, asthma, autoimmune disease and sepsis.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'All of the above'.

In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of dosage forms—techniques used to enclose medicines—in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. Capsules are made from aqueous solutions of gelling agents, such as animal protein (mainly gelatin) or plant polysaccharides or their derivatives (such as carrageenans and modified forms of starch and cellulose). Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution including plasticizers such as glycerin or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness, coloring agents, preservatives, disintegrants, lubricants and surface treatment. Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficient method of taking medication. 

An anesthetic is a drug that blocks the pathway of the motor nerve that carries the response to the effector and the sensory nerves that carries the stimulus from the effectors. Anesthetics differ from analgesics, which relieve pain without eliminating sensation. These drugs are generally administered to facilitate surgery.

Inflammation, a response triggered by damage to living tissues. The inflammatory response is a defence mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is to localize and eliminate the injurious agent and to remove damaged tissue components so that the body can begin to heal. The four cardinal signs of inflammation—redness (Latin rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).

Inflammation is a very prominent response to TNF-α. There are four typical signs of inflammation, erythema (redness), heat, swelling, and pain. These are a consequence of increased blood flow and capillary permeability, the influx of phagocytic cells, and tissue damage. Increased blood flow is caused by constriction of the capillaries that carry blood away from the infected area, and leads to engorgement of the capillary network. Erythema and an increase in tissue temperature accompany capillary constriction. In addition, the permeability of capillaries increases, allowing cells and fluid to leave and enter the surrounding tissue. These fluids have a higher protein content than the fluids normally found in tissues, causing swelling.

One of the best-known chemical mediators released from cells during inflammation is histamine, which triggers vasodilation and increases vascular permeability. Stored in granules of circulating basophils and mast cells, histamine is released immediately when these cells are injured.