Tag: organisation of commerce and management

Smart card is a plastic card that is similar to a credit card. It has a silicon chip embedded in it. It can store 64 kilobytes of data and instructions.

A smart card is a security token that has an embedded chip. Smart cards are typically the same size as a driver's license and can be made out of metal or plastic. They connect to a reader either by direct physical contact or through a short-range wireless connectivity standard such as Near Field Communication. It is an  integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized card that has embedded integrated circuits.

To ensure that the data is not corrupted during the processing of e-commerce transactions, we should take care that invalid credit card numbers are not entered.

The number is not matching up with any valid accounts when we send it for processing. Make sure that: You have entered the number from the front of the card with no dashes or spaces. 

A payment gateway is a processing unit that approves online payments (debit cards, credit cards, e-wallets, net banking) for online purchases. The gateways protect highly sensitive details like account holder details, card details, and so on. The data is transferred securely between the two groups: merchant site and customer.

One of the approach used to tax online transactions.

1) Permanent establishment:-

A permanent establishment (PE) is a fixed place of business which generally gives rise to income or value-added tax liability in a particular jurisdiction.

2) Residence-based:-

Income or profits which result from international activities such as cross-border investment may be taxed where the income is earned (the source country), or where the person who receives it is normally based (the country of residence).

3) Income-based classification.

An IT operation success is in terms of:-

1) Technological value added to the organization.

2) Its impact on other business processes and business units:-

A business process is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks that in a specific sequence produces a service or product for a particular customer or customers. A business process may often be visualized as a flowchart of a sequence of activities with interleaving decision points or as a process matrix of a sequence of activities with relevance rules based on data in the process. The benefits of using business processes include improved customer satisfaction and improved agility for reacting to rapid market change.

3) Decreased costs and increased revenue

Revenue is the amount of money that a company actually receives during a specific period, including discounts and deductions for returned merchandise. It is the top line or gross income figure from which costs are subtracted to determine net income.

Reducing costs increases profitability, but only if sales price and number of sales remain constant. If cost reductions result in a lowering of the quality of the company's products, then the company may be forced to reduce prices to maintain the same level of sales. 

Digital token, credit card, small card are a way of electronic payment 

An e-payment system is a way of making transactions or paying for goods and services through an electronic medium, without the use of checks or cash. It's also called an electronic payment system or online payment system.

The digital token based payment system is a new form of electronic payment system which is based on electronic tokens rather than e-cheque or e-cash. Electronic payment system is a way of paying for a goods or services electronically, instead of using cash or a check, in person or by mail.

A credit card is different from a debit card in that it does not remove money from the user's account after every transaction.

Let the opening stock is x.
Stock velocity = cost of goods sold / average inventory
6 = 54,000/(10000+x)/2
hence x = Rs.8,000.

K$ _e$ = $\frac{D _1}{NP}$
Where NP i.(E) Net Proceed of shares = $\frac{1000 X12 - 5000}{10000}$
Dividend of a share (D$ _I$) = Rs. 1.8.

Like in the case of equity shareholders there is no obligatory payment to the preference shareholders and the preference dividend is not tax deductable.

Equity financing is the method of raising capital by selling company stock to investors. In return for the investment, the shareholders receive ownership interests in the company.

The shares of a company are transferable as the shares can be trade between buyers and sellers of the shares of the stock of the company at a mutually agreed price.