Tag: evs - i

Carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas. It means that it traps the insolation from the sun and does not allow them to be reflected back. The trapped insolation work in warming the overall temperature of the earth. The level of atmospheric CO$ _{2}$ was around 200 ppm during the ice age. It rose to 280 ppm during the warmer interglacial periods. Presently, in the Anthropocene era, due to the excessive CO$ _{2}$ releasing activities like fossil fuel burning, the level of CO$ _{2}$ has risen to 360 ppm.

The increased and excessive use of automobiles and rapid growth of Industrial establishments post-industrial revolution era has contributed to the tremendous rise of pollution. The oxides of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen emission from vehicle exhaust and in the industrial process due to incomplete combustion of carbon compounds cause serious air pollution with other lethal gases release. The effluents from the industry that are toxic are released in the environment causing air pollution, noise pollution has become everyday routine with non-stop working of machinery and equipment, horns of car and engines harmful to people working around, establishments have caused deforestation leading to soil pollution.

The propellants used for jet engine release the halogenated paraffin compounds called fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons. Both of these compounds are the potent ozone-depleting substances. Refineries, automobiles and industries release the oxides of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen.

The aircraft or jet planes engine emit certain particles and gases like carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, lead, black carbon, aerosols etc. These are basically greenhouse gases and anthropogenic compounds which have the tendency to react among themselves and with gases present in the atmosphere. Greenhouse effect, ozone depletion activities can be related to the emission of these gases. 

Knocking refers to the sensitivity shown by the fuel such as petrol. Due to this, petrol has low pressure and temperature of ignition and tends to ignite before the actual ignition spark in the air. This has deleterious effects on the engine and poses a great risk. To prevent this, the antiknocking agents like methyl tertiary butyl ether, toluene etc. are added to the fuel. These agents increase the temperature and pressure required for ignition.

The Sunderbans is a natural region in Bengal. It is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world. A mangrove is a tree, shrub, palm or ground fern, generally exceeding one half metre in height, that normally grows above mean sea level in the intertidal zone of marine coastal environments and estuarine margins. A mangrove is also the tidal habitat comprising such trees and shrubs.

Among many epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for an infectious disease (The triad ) consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment. So, the correct option B ( Host, agent, and environment )

Neutrophils. The first immune cells that arrive at an injured site are mostly neutrophils, which are quick-response immune cells that recognize and destroy bacteria. 

Infectious diseases are those diseases which are caused by microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, virus, parasites. HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). It is a sexually transmitted disease. Diphtheria is caused by bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria. It affects the mucous membrane of throat and upper respiratory tract. Coronary thrombosis is a disease that results due to accumulation of blood clot on the walls of arteries. Diabetes mellitus is a disease that results due to insufficient production of insulin in the body.

IgM is the largest antibody and the first to be synthesized by a fetus in response to an intrauterine infection. Because IgM is a pentamer, it cannot cross the placental barrier from the mother, meaning any IgM detected in a newborn's blood originates from the fetus itself due to an active infection.