Tag: geography

Owners of devaswam land were called Ooralars. The rulers, Brahmins or the people of the temple did not directly cultivate in this land. They used to give the land for cultivation to middle men called, Karalar. According to the power hierarchy, Naduvazhis were at the top, and Ooralars and Karalars were below them.

The Jenmi, consisting mainly of the Nambudiri Brahmins and Nambiar chieftains, were the highest level of the hierarchy, and a class of people given hereditary land grants by the Naduvazhis or rulers'. The rights conveyed by this janmam were not a freehold in the European sense, but an office of dignity. Owing to their ritual status as priests ( Nambudris ), the jenmis could neither cultivate nor supervise the land but would instead provide a grant of kanam to an individual from the Kanikkaran ethnic group in return for a fixed share of the crops produced. Typically, a jenmi would have a large number of kanikkaran under him.

There were many changes in the land ownership rights between the 12th and 18th centuries CE in Kerala. The rights over the land passed on from one generation to another and became a birth right. This kind of land came to be known as Janmam Land and the people who had the ownership right over those lands as Janmis.

The Panayapattam system which was also known as Kanam and Otti became prevalent after the period of the Perumals. According to this, the person who took the land on lease known as Kanakudiyan used to give an amount as security to the landlord when he leased the land for cultivation. The Kanakudiyan did not have the right to sell or transfer this land. He just had the right to cultivate in this land.

• Nathu La is a mountain pass in the Himalayas.
  
•  It connects the Indian state of Sikkim with China's Tibet autonomous Region.
  
•  In 1904, Major Francis Younghusband, serving as the British Commissioner to Tibet, led a successful mission through Nathu La to capture Lhasa.
  
•  Shipki La is a mountain pass and border post on the India-Tibet border.

 Most common map projections are based on three shapes.

Khyber Pass, Khyber also spelled Khaybar, or Khaibar is one of the important passes between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The pass connects Kabul with Peshawar. The pass has historically been the gateway for invasions of the Indian subcontinent from the northwest.