World History

France expanded its influence by establishing a network of forts and trading posts to control the fur trade, while simultaneously using Jesuit missions to build relationships with Native American tribes.

The French and Indian War was the North American theater of the Seven Years' War, fought primarily between the British Empire and the French Empire, with various Native American tribes allied with each side.

Before European imperialism, Africa was home to a vast array of diverse cultures, ethnic groups, and thousands of distinct languages, organized into various kingdoms and stateless societies.

Following the failure of political efforts to gain independence, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) engaged in a campaign of guerrilla warfare against British forces during the Irish War of Independence.

Reza Shah Pahlavi was the Shah of Iran (formerly Persia) who modernized the country and asserted its independence in the early 20th century.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey. He led the Turkish War of Independence following World War I.

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, and financial reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

The General Crisis refers to the widespread political, economic, and social instability that occurred across the world, but most notably in 17th-century Europe.

Louis XVI was the King of France during the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789.

Sardinia-Piedmont was the leading state in the Italian unification process, under the leadership of King Victor Emmanuel II and Count Cavour.

Indirect rule involves governing through existing local power structures. The British use of Sepoys (Indian soldiers) and local princes to maintain control in India is a classic example of this.

The phrase 'When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold' refers to the influence of French political events, such as the 1848 revolutions, on the rest of the European continent.

The history of colonization is largely driven by the desire of foreign powers to exploit the rich natural resources of the colonies.

Before the Industrial Revolution caused mass urbanization, the vast majority of the population lived in rural areas and worked in agriculture.

Spheres of Influence refers to areas in China where foreign powers (like France, Britain, Russia, and Japan) held exclusive trading and economic privileges.