Verbal Analogies

A lumen is a unit of measurement for brightness. An inch is a unit of measurement for length. This is a 'unit : property' relationship.

A topaz is a gemstone typically associated with the color yellow. An amethyst is a gemstone typically associated with the color purple. This is a 'gemstone : color' relationship.

Maceration is a process involving liquid. Sublimation is a process involving gas (the transition of a solid to a gas). This is a 'process : state of matter' relationship.

Chronological refers to the order of time. Ordinal refers to the order of place or position. This is a 'type of order : domain' relationship.

Clumsy people tend to botch things. Lazy people tend to shirk duties. This is a 'trait : characteristic action' relationship.

Scurrilous behavior is the opposite of decency. Disgraced is the opposite of honor. This is an 'antonym' relationship.

Soot is a substance that makes something grimy, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship. Similarly, rain makes something sodden.

Morbid is a synonym for unfavorable in certain contexts, or they share a negative connotation. Reputable and favorable share a positive connotation, making them the best match among the choices.

Vexillology is the study of flags, and the Union Jack is a specific example of a flag. Similarly, gymnosperms are a category of plants studied in botany, making this an instance of a subject and its specific study matter.

A masochist is someone who seeks or enjoys pain. A hedonist is someone who seeks or enjoys pleasure.

First causes the second

The first causes the second.

The words in each pair are opposite to each other.