States of Matter

Certain substances behave as strong electrolytes at low concentration but at higher concentrations these substances exhibit colloidal characteristics due to the formation of aggregated particles. These aggregated particles are called micelles. Micelles are called associated colloids. The formation of micelles takes place only above a particular temperature called Kraft Temperature (Tk) and above particular concentration called the Critical micelle concentration (CMC).

In this colloid, the colloidal particles are aggregates of atoms or small molecules with molecular sizes less than one nanometre (1 nm). 

In this type of colloidal sols, the dispersed phase has little affinity for the dispersion medium. These colloids are easily precipitated on the addition of small amounts of electrolytes, by heating or by shaking and therefore are not stable. Once precipitated, it is not easy to reconstitute the sol by simple mixing with the dispersion medium. Hence, these sols are called irreversible sols. Examples of lyophobic sols include sols of metals and their insoluble compounds like sulphides and oxides. Lyophobic sols need stabilizing agents to keep the dispersed phase from precipitating out.

In this type of colloidal sols, the dispersed phase has little affinity for the dispersion medium. These colloids are easily precipitated on the addition of small amounts of electrolytes, by heating or by shaking and therefore are not stable. Once precipitated, it is not easy to reconstitute the sol by simple mixing with the dispersion medium. Hence, these sols are called irreversible sols. Examples of lyophobic sols include sols of metals and their insoluble compounds like sulphides and oxides. Lyophobic sols need stabilizing agents to keep the dispersed phase from precipitating out.

All are the application of colloids.

Heavy water, or deuterium oxide, is water in which the hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium, which is an isotope of hydrogen with one neutron.

A saturated solution is one in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved at a given temperature. Therefore, no more solute can be dissolved under those conditions.

Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide. It is called dry ice because it undergoes sublimation directly from a solid to a gas without passing through a liquid phase.

Cooking gas (LPG) is stored in cylinders under high pressure, which causes it to liquefy. This allows a large amount of fuel to be stored in a compact volume.

Milk is a colloid where fat droplets are dispersed in water, making it a classic example of an emulsion.

Combustion is a chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce new substances (like CO2 and water). The other options are physical processes (dissolution, distillation, mixing).

The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. This force is sometimes called an induced dipole-induced dipole attraction. London forces are the attractive forces that cause nonpolar substances to condense to liquids and to freeze into solids when the temperature is lowered sufficiently.

Glass is considered a supercooled liquid because it is an amorphous solid that lacks a crystalline structure and flows very slowly over long periods. Mercury and bromine are liquids at room temperature, and ice-cream is a complex mixture.

 Water solidifies into ice and syrup solidifies into sugar.