Rocks and Earth Materials

Sedimentary rocks are formed through the lithification process, where sediments are compacted and cemented over time.

Obsidian, for example, is a volcanic glass that is not crystalline and does not meet the strict mineral definition, yet it is considered a rock.

A rock is defined as a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

Magma is molten rock located beneath the Earth's surface; when it erupts through the crust, it is called lava.

In the non-living environment, carbon is stored in various forms, including diamonds (pure carbon), rocks (like limestone/calcium carbonate), and fossil fuels.

In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the Tesseract is a physical object that houses the Space Stone, existing as a solid cube.

Fracture refers to the way a mineral breaks when it does not follow a specific plane of weakness, resulting in irregular or uneven surfaces.

Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along smooth, flat planes where the atomic bonds are weakest.

Hardness is a measure of a mineral's resistance to being scratched by another substance or tool.

A streak test involves rubbing a mineral across an unglazed porcelain plate to observe the color of the mineral in its powdered form.

Silicate minerals are defined by the presence of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, which is a central silicon atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

This is the primary binary classification system used in mineralogy to group all known minerals based on their chemical structure.

According to the principle of superposition, sedimentary layers are deposited sequentially, meaning the oldest layer is at the bottom.

Sedimentary rock is formed by the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of mineral and organic particles (sediment) over time.