Respiration and Gas Exchange

Pilates breathing is characterized by lateral or horizontal breathing, where the ribs expand to the sides while the core remains engaged.

Aerobic capacity (or VO2 max) measures the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the muscles during sustained physical activity.

• The nasal cavity and the mouth meet at the pharynx, or throat, at the back of the nose and mouth. 
• From there, air quickly enters the second part of your respiratory system, the trachea or windpipe. 
• The trachea is a tube that delivers air to the lungs, the third and most important part of your respiratory system. Hence, Air goes from the pharynx to. trachea.

• The bronchi (or bronchus) are the air passages into the lungs that begin at the end of the trachea. 
• There are two bronchi, one for each lung. 
• The bronchus divides into smaller branches known as segmental bronchi, which divide again into bronchioles, Hence, Bronchi divide into bronchioles.

The conducting part of the respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Its primary functions are to transport, filter, warm, and humidify the air. The alveoli are the specific site for gas exchange, which is part of the respiratory zone, not the conducting zone.

Statement (c) is correct as functional residual capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration. Statement (d) is correct as total lung capacity is the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold after a forced inspiration. Statement (a) is incorrect because inspiration is primarily facilitated by the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, not internal ones. Statement (b) is incorrect because a healthy human typically breathes about 6000-8000 ml of air per minute.

Epiglottis stands open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing it closes to prevent aspiration, forcing the swallowed liquids or food to go into the esophagus instead. It is thus the structure that diverts passage air into  the trachea and food into the esophagus

The correct answer is (d).

Salt respiration refers to the observed increase in the rate of respiration in plant roots when they are placed in a salt solution, as energy is required for active mineral absorption.

Pneumatophores are specialized roots that grow upwards against gravity to facilitate gas exchange in waterlogged or swampy soil. Velamen is a spongy tissue in epiphytic roots, hydathodes are involved in guttation, and prop roots provide structural support.

During respiration, due to consumption of organic resources in the cell the dry weight decreases. In respiration, there is a loss in dry weight.

In buccopharyngeal respiration, the contraction of sternohyal muscles lowers the floor of the buccal cavity to draw in air, while the contraction of petrohyal muscles raises the floor to pump air into the lungs or out of the mouth.

Throat is lowered and raised alternatively by sternohyal and petrohyal muscles.

Respiration result in a decrease in dry weight. During respiration when we breathe, oxygen enter in the body of an organism. Due to the presence of oxygen, the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate and other products takes place. At last, carbon dioxide, as well as some energy, are also released out from the body through the process of exhalation.