Reading Comprehension

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the two passages?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage - I

As the forces of globalization change the economic, political, and social relationships between nations, the geographic bulwarks that America counted on to protect it are proving insufficient. Two oceans and two friendly neighbors may help protect a nation from invasion but do little to thwart terrorists. Advances in information technologies have, in essence, shrunk the distances between countries, allowing people to conduct business from anywhere on the globe. Such advances made it possible for the September 11 terrorists to coordinate the attack from various nations. Globalization has also led to an increase in tourism and travel, making it easier for terrorists to hide in host countries without drawing attention.

In addition to globalization, other changes have affected America’s security. With the Cold War over, America’s enemies have changed. Some of the most serious threats to national security are no longer established nation-states such as Russia but terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda, the group responsible for the September 11 attacks. During the Cold War, security was in large part a matter of out-spending enemies on military hardware and sending American spies to the Kremlin. Such Cold War methods have proven ineffective in combating loosely organized terrorist groups scattered all over the globe. As became evident after September 11, the largest military in the world cannot prevent terrorists from flying commercial airplanes into buildings

Passage - II
As nuclear security becomes increasingly threatened, calls for more nuclear arms as well as calls for disarmament grow more vociferous. Many opponents of nuclear arms believe that the inherent risk of nuclear weapons—global annihilation—make the possession and use of these weapons immoral and indefensible. They assert that if countries persist in maintaining nuclear arsenals as a defense against growing nuclear threats, the world will actually be less safe. Nations that maintain a nuclear arsenal encourage others to develop nuclear weapons as a defense, abolitionists argue, which increases the likelihood that a mistaken or intentional deployment somewhere in the world will set off a sequence of retaliatory deployments that could eventually destroy the earth. The Goodpaster Committee for the Project on Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction asserts that “only [an international] policy aimed at steadily curbing global reliance on nuclear weapons . . . is likely to progressively eliminate nuclear dangers.”

According to the psychological model, which of the following instances can affect our dreams?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

There are many different approaches philosophers have taken to explain dreams and what they mean. Why do I dream? There are several answers to that question. The first in the physiological set. We dream in order to exercise our brains. When we’re awake, messages are constantly speeding among all our billions of brain cells to keep us moving and thinking and digesting and so on. So the idea is that when we’re asleep, dreams exercise the "pathways" between brains cells. A couple of ideas that might help this make sense are; the first couple of years of our life are the most intense for learning which is also when we have the greatest amount of REM sleep–which means we are dreaming a lot. Another thing is your brain waves during REM sleep look about the same as your brain waves while we are awake. During other parts of sleep, the brain waves look very different (a lot slower). There is also a psychological set of ideas about why we dream. Since psychology has to do with our thoughts and emotions it has been said dreams are actually about immediate concerns in our lives. In the bible and within a lot of cultures dreams are thought to be prophetic, which means they can predict the future. Sigmund Freud a famous psychoanalyst gave us a lot of ideas on how our minds work and was very interested in interpreting dreams. He thought dreams contained symbols hidden deep within our minds and memories

Passage – II

Why do we dream? Are they instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure. One theory that is prevalent today is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" of the synapses of the brain. There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is why there are so many theories on the topic. There is Freud's theory that dreams carry our hidden desires and Jung’s theory that dreams carry meaning, although not always of desire, and that the dreamer can interpret these dreams. After these theories, others continued such as the Cayce theory in that dreams are our body’s means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well being. Finally, there was the argument between Evans' theory and the Crick and Mitchinson theory. Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson say that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory is true, we may never know, but from these following theories we can decide for ourselves what we believe to be true and further help us into understanding our dreams. My own personal theory on why we dream is that the subconscious mind is always working. This results in dreams.

According to the passage II, use of nuclear weapons is

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage - I

As the forces of globalization change the economic, political, and social relationships between nations, the geographic bulwarks that America counted on to protect it are proving insufficient. Two oceans and two friendly neighbors may help protect a nation from invasion but do little to thwart terrorists. Advances in information technologies have, in essence, shrunk the distances between countries, allowing people to conduct business from anywhere on the globe. Such advances made it possible for the September 11 terrorists to coordinate the attack from various nations. Globalization has also led to an increase in tourism and travel, making it easier for terrorists to hide in host countries without drawing attention.

In addition to globalization, other changes have affected America’s security. With the Cold War over, America’s enemies have changed. Some of the most serious threats to national security are no longer established nation-states such as Russia but terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda, the group responsible for the September 11 attacks. During the Cold War, security was in large part a matter of out-spending enemies on military hardware and sending American spies to the Kremlin. Such Cold War methods have proven ineffective in combating loosely organized terrorist groups scattered all over the globe. As became evident after September 11, the largest military in the world cannot prevent terrorists from flying commercial airplanes into buildings

Passage - II
As nuclear security becomes increasingly threatened, calls for more nuclear arms as well as calls for disarmament grow more vociferous. Many opponents of nuclear arms believe that the inherent risk of nuclear weapons—global annihilation—make the possession and use of these weapons immoral and indefensible. They assert that if countries persist in maintaining nuclear arsenals as a defense against growing nuclear threats, the world will actually be less safe. Nations that maintain a nuclear arsenal encourage others to develop nuclear weapons as a defense, abolitionists argue, which increases the likelihood that a mistaken or intentional deployment somewhere in the world will set off a sequence of retaliatory deployments that could eventually destroy the earth. The Goodpaster Committee for the Project on Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction asserts that “only [an international] policy aimed at steadily curbing global reliance on nuclear weapons . . . is likely to progressively eliminate nuclear dangers.”

Both Passage I and II would agree with the following:

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

There are many different approaches philosophers have taken to explain dreams and what they mean. Why do I dream? There are several answers to that question. The first in the physiological set. We dream in order to exercise our brains. When we’re awake, messages are constantly speeding among all our billions of brain cells to keep us moving and thinking and digesting and so on. So the idea is that when we’re asleep, dreams exercise the "pathways" between brains cells. A couple of ideas that might help this make sense are; the first couple of years of our life are the most intense for learning which is also when we have the greatest amount of REM sleep–which means we are dreaming a lot. Another thing is your brain waves during REM sleep look about the same as your brain waves while we are awake. During other parts of sleep, the brain waves look very different (a lot slower). There is also a psychological set of ideas about why we dream. Since psychology has to do with our thoughts and emotions it has been said dreams are actually about immediate concerns in our lives. In the bible and within a lot of cultures dreams are thought to be prophetic, which means they can predict the future. Sigmund Freud a famous psychoanalyst gave us a lot of ideas on how our minds work and was very interested in interpreting dreams. He thought dreams contained symbols hidden deep within our minds and memories

Passage – II

Why do we dream? Are they instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure. One theory that is prevalent today is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" of the synapses of the brain. There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is why there are so many theories on the topic. There is Freud's theory that dreams carry our hidden desires and Jung’s theory that dreams carry meaning, although not always of desire, and that the dreamer can interpret these dreams. After these theories, others continued such as the Cayce theory in that dreams are our body’s means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well being. Finally, there was the argument between Evans' theory and the Crick and Mitchinson theory. Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson say that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory is true, we may never know, but from these following theories we can decide for ourselves what we believe to be true and further help us into understanding our dreams. My own personal theory on why we dream is that the subconscious mind is always working. This results in dreams.

In passage II, the author appears to support which theory?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

There are many different approaches philosophers have taken to explain dreams and what they mean. Why do I dream? There are several answers to that question. The first in the physiological set. We dream in order to exercise our brains. When we’re awake, messages are constantly speeding among all our billions of brain cells to keep us moving and thinking and digesting and so on. So the idea is that when we’re asleep, dreams exercise the "pathways" between brains cells. A couple of ideas that might help this make sense are; the first couple of years of our life are the most intense for learning which is also when we have the greatest amount of REM sleep–which means we are dreaming a lot. Another thing is your brain waves during REM sleep look about the same as your brain waves while we are awake. During other parts of sleep, the brain waves look very different (a lot slower). There is also a psychological set of ideas about why we dream. Since psychology has to do with our thoughts and emotions it has been said dreams are actually about immediate concerns in our lives. In the bible and within a lot of cultures dreams are thought to be prophetic, which means they can predict the future. Sigmund Freud a famous psychoanalyst gave us a lot of ideas on how our minds work and was very interested in interpreting dreams. He thought dreams contained symbols hidden deep within our minds and memories

Passage – II

Why do we dream? Are they instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure. One theory that is prevalent today is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" of the synapses of the brain. There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is why there are so many theories on the topic. There is Freud's theory that dreams carry our hidden desires and Jung’s theory that dreams carry meaning, although not always of desire, and that the dreamer can interpret these dreams. After these theories, others continued such as the Cayce theory in that dreams are our body’s means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well being. Finally, there was the argument between Evans' theory and the Crick and Mitchinson theory. Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson say that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory is true, we may never know, but from these following theories we can decide for ourselves what we believe to be true and further help us into understanding our dreams. My own personal theory on why we dream is that the subconscious mind is always working. This results in dreams.

Purpose of passage I is

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

There are many different approaches philosophers have taken to explain dreams and what they mean. Why do I dream? There are several answers to that question. The first in the physiological set. We dream in order to exercise our brains. When we’re awake, messages are constantly speeding among all our billions of brain cells to keep us moving and thinking and digesting and so on. So the idea is that when we’re asleep, dreams exercise the "pathways" between brains cells. A couple of ideas that might help this make sense are; the first couple of years of our life are the most intense for learning which is also when we have the greatest amount of REM sleep–which means we are dreaming a lot. Another thing is your brain waves during REM sleep look about the same as your brain waves while we are awake. During other parts of sleep, the brain waves look very different (a lot slower). There is also a psychological set of ideas about why we dream. Since psychology has to do with our thoughts and emotions it has been said dreams are actually about immediate concerns in our lives. In the bible and within a lot of cultures dreams are thought to be prophetic, which means they can predict the future. Sigmund Freud a famous psychoanalyst gave us a lot of ideas on how our minds work and was very interested in interpreting dreams. He thought dreams contained symbols hidden deep within our minds and memories

Passage – II

Why do we dream? Are they instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure. One theory that is prevalent today is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" of the synapses of the brain. There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is why there are so many theories on the topic. There is Freud's theory that dreams carry our hidden desires and Jung’s theory that dreams carry meaning, although not always of desire, and that the dreamer can interpret these dreams. After these theories, others continued such as the Cayce theory in that dreams are our body’s means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well being. Finally, there was the argument between Evans' theory and the Crick and Mitchinson theory. Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson say that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory is true, we may never know, but from these following theories we can decide for ourselves what we believe to be true and further help us into understanding our dreams. My own personal theory on why we dream is that the subconscious mind is always working. This results in dreams.

Following is the relationship between passage I and II:

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

There are many different approaches philosophers have taken to explain dreams and what they mean. Why do I dream? There are several answers to that question. The first in the physiological set. We dream in order to exercise our brains. When we’re awake, messages are constantly speeding among all our billions of brain cells to keep us moving and thinking and digesting and so on. So the idea is that when we’re asleep, dreams exercise the "pathways" between brains cells. A couple of ideas that might help this make sense are; the first couple of years of our life are the most intense for learning which is also when we have the greatest amount of REM sleep–which means we are dreaming a lot. Another thing is your brain waves during REM sleep look about the same as your brain waves while we are awake. During other parts of sleep, the brain waves look very different (a lot slower). There is also a psychological set of ideas about why we dream. Since psychology has to do with our thoughts and emotions it has been said dreams are actually about immediate concerns in our lives. In the bible and within a lot of cultures dreams are thought to be prophetic, which means they can predict the future. Sigmund Freud a famous psychoanalyst gave us a lot of ideas on how our minds work and was very interested in interpreting dreams. He thought dreams contained symbols hidden deep within our minds and memories

Passage – II

Why do we dream? Are they instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure. One theory that is prevalent today is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" of the synapses of the brain. There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is why there are so many theories on the topic. There is Freud's theory that dreams carry our hidden desires and Jung’s theory that dreams carry meaning, although not always of desire, and that the dreamer can interpret these dreams. After these theories, others continued such as the Cayce theory in that dreams are our body’s means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well being. Finally, there was the argument between Evans' theory and the Crick and Mitchinson theory. Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson say that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory is true, we may never know, but from these following theories we can decide for ourselves what we believe to be true and further help us into understanding our dreams. My own personal theory on why we dream is that the subconscious mind is always working. This results in dreams.

Primary purpose of passage II is

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

There are many different approaches philosophers have taken to explain dreams and what they mean. Why do I dream? There are several answers to that question. The first in the physiological set. We dream in order to exercise our brains. When we’re awake, messages are constantly speeding among all our billions of brain cells to keep us moving and thinking and digesting and so on. So the idea is that when we’re asleep, dreams exercise the "pathways" between brains cells. A couple of ideas that might help this make sense are; the first couple of years of our life are the most intense for learning which is also when we have the greatest amount of REM sleep–which means we are dreaming a lot. Another thing is your brain waves during REM sleep look about the same as your brain waves while we are awake. During other parts of sleep, the brain waves look very different (a lot slower). There is also a psychological set of ideas about why we dream. Since psychology has to do with our thoughts and emotions it has been said dreams are actually about immediate concerns in our lives. In the bible and within a lot of cultures dreams are thought to be prophetic, which means they can predict the future. Sigmund Freud a famous psychoanalyst gave us a lot of ideas on how our minds work and was very interested in interpreting dreams. He thought dreams contained symbols hidden deep within our minds and memories

Passage – II

Why do we dream? Are they instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure. One theory that is prevalent today is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" of the synapses of the brain. There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is why there are so many theories on the topic. There is Freud's theory that dreams carry our hidden desires and Jung’s theory that dreams carry meaning, although not always of desire, and that the dreamer can interpret these dreams. After these theories, others continued such as the Cayce theory in that dreams are our body’s means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well being. Finally, there was the argument between Evans' theory and the Crick and Mitchinson theory. Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson say that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory is true, we may never know, but from these following theories we can decide for ourselves what we believe to be true and further help us into understanding our dreams. My own personal theory on why we dream is that the subconscious mind is always working. This results in dreams.

The term 'ionization' as inferred from Passage I would most likely imply

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

The mind has an incredible power. We see it as we go through our everyday activities, constantly displaying the wonders of logic, thought, memory and creativity. Yet, can the mind be more powerful than we know? Is it possible to reduce or even eliminate pain, illness and disease by using the natural powers it possesses? Can the mind heal?

Many of our finest researchers and scientists have explored that question, and while the exact answer still eludes us, the facts seem to bear out that the mind does have the power to assist in both healing, and conversely, bringing on "disease" as well. Two such examples of mind and body healing are hypnotherapy and meditation. There are others such as ionization, which focuses on thinking positive instead of negative. But first, I will describe the reasoning behind the mind-body connection.

Psycho-neuro-immunology is the name for the study of the min-body connection, or PNI for short. PNI has been around for the last 20 years or so and has revolutionized the way we look at health and wellness. There was a point in human existence when the connection between the mind and the body was taken for granted. A couple of centuries ago, science had grown to understand the "mechanical universe" concept. The laws of Sir Newton and the science of physics had begun to infiltrate the science of medicine. If the universe followed mechanical laws, so might the body. To prove this theory, scientists needed to open a body up to observe how it worked.

The Church was very adamant about the body being the temple of the soul and could never be desecrated. After much haggling and several smoke-filled back room discussions, an agreement was reached. The Church would maintain it’s jurisdiction over "the mind" for that is were the personality and soul "truly" resides and science could have the body, which is just a "machine for the mind" and upon death, would become simply an empty vessel.

Furthering the rift, more recent science has discovered that specific diseases can be "cured" through specific medicinal formulas or drugs. This "magic bullet" mentality spread throughout medicine and science. Science has tried to brush aside or explain away this phenomenon by saying, "Oh, it’s just the placebo effect" or "It’s spontaneous remission" as well as other innocuous terms seemingly to lessen it’s importance. It is human nature when something is not understood to either dismiss it, diminish it or ignore it all together. This search to seek out answers to this reoccurring phenomenon is the basis for PNI, the way the mind-body connection is made and how we can utilize it for greater health and well-being.

Passage – II

The brain is a two and a quarter pound piece of living organic tissue that controls the human nervous system. Music is a collection of sound waves that propagate through the air, and has varying frequencies and tones following a discernible order. Yet we all recognize the significance of the brain beyond its physical function. Our minds are the essence of what we are. The brain enigmatically stores memories, and lets people experience such things as emotion, sensations, and thoughts. In the same sense, music is more than just a collection of vibrations. This leads to the question of how does music affect the mind, and in addition, how does music affect human behavior? The reader might ask why such a question should be relevant. If more is known about the psychological and neurophysiological effects of music on the human mind, then the possibilities of this knowledge are unbounded. Music can be used to treat social and behavioral problems in people with disabilities. The use of music in the classroom might enhance or weaken a student's work characteristics. Therefore, whether the influence of music is positive or negative, much needs to be explored about the link between the mind and music.

Physiologically, the brain receives information about sound waves from the ear through the auditory nerve. This information is then processed by the brain and analyzed for the juxtaposition of melody and rhythm. The mixture of melody and rhythm is what we commonly refer to as music. However, our minds interpret this auditory information as more than just sound signals; somehow, we are able to differentiate between certain types of music, and develop preferences for these different types. Yet, what are the ways in which the effects of music manifest themselves?

First, there are particular biochemical responses in the human body to music. Research shows that college students, when listening to music, have more galvanic skin response peaks, as opposed to when they were not listening to music. This research also indicates a significant decrease of nor epinephrine levels in students while they listen to preferred music. Nor epinephrine is a neurotransmitter that arbitrates chemical communication in the sympathetic nervous system of the human body. The release of this neurotransmitter, as a consequence of a function of the brain, results in an increased heart rate and heightened blood pressure. Therefore, the decrease of nor epinephrine in these college students results in a more relaxed state. This could suggest that favored or pleasant music somehow affects the mind, resulting in the relaxing of the body. Another research project, undertaken at the Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, focuses on the effects of music on the mind using electroencephalograms (EEG). An electroencephalograph is a medical instrument that is capable of showing the electrical activity of the brain by measuring electrical potentials on the scalp. In this experiment, volunteers were exposed to silence, music, white noise (simulated hiss), and then silence. The result of this experiment coincides with the previous findings. The volunteers all reported feeling a calming sensation. However, the researches did not attribute the lowered tension to reduced neurotransmitter levels. While listening to music, many of the subjects reported that they felt pleasantly relaxed or comfortable… Music may evoke more organized mental activities which result in subjectively comfortable feelings.

What according to the passage can be done to regulate overwhelming increase of garbage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question on the basis of the content of the passage.
  
Waste management systems and market conditions, even at their best, are incapable of handling the growing amounts of waste globally. So, unless a new paradigm of global cooperation and governance is adopted, a tsunami of uncontrolled dumpsites will be the prevailing waste management method, especially in Asia. Despite the development of 'easy-to-repair' product design, long-lasting products or enhancement of reuse; a clear de-linking of economic growth from waste generation will still only be in its infancy. Even if sorting and recycling technologies are significantly improved and mechanised, a separation at source will be an inevitable prerequisite for an economic recycling schedule.

According to the passage, what cannot be separated easily?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question on the basis of the content of the passage.
  
Waste management systems and market conditions, even at their best, are incapable of handling the growing amounts of waste globally. So, unless a new paradigm of global cooperation and governance is adopted, a tsunami of uncontrolled dumpsites will be the prevailing waste management method, especially in Asia. Despite the development of 'easy-to-repair' product design, long-lasting products or enhancement of reuse; a clear de-linking of economic growth from waste generation will still only be in its infancy. Even if sorting and recycling technologies are significantly improved and mechanised, a separation at source will be an inevitable prerequisite for an economic recycling schedule.

What does the phrase ‘easy to repair’ in the passage mean?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question on the basis of the content of the passage.
  
Waste management systems and market conditions, even at their best, are incapable of handling the growing amounts of waste globally. So, unless a new paradigm of global cooperation and governance is adopted, a tsunami of uncontrolled dumpsites will be the prevailing waste management method, especially in Asia. Despite the development of 'easy-to-repair' product design, long-lasting products or enhancement of reuse; a clear de-linking of economic growth from waste generation will still only be in its infancy. Even if sorting and recycling technologies are significantly improved and mechanised, a separation at source will be an inevitable prerequisite for an economic recycling schedule.

Directions: Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.

acutely

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question:

In the debates following the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women observed a few days ago, some critical issues have come to the fore. Is it time to advocate for a completely separate apparatus of courts, law enforcement mechanisms and laws for women? What are the strengths and limits of such a proposal?
The issue of separate courts for women or family disputes has been a subject of debate for many years. A number of states have already set up special courts for women, including Maharashtra, with proposals pending in Karnataka and Delhi. These courts have taken on different incarnations at the state level with the Maharashtra courts designated as family courts to deal with family disputes and matrimonial matters; the Delhi courts are intended to deal exclusively with rape cases. However, the idea behind the special courts is to deal speedily with atrocities against women.
In 2006, a Bill to set up special courts for women was introduced in the Lok Sabha. The courts are intended to deal primarily with offences of rape, criminal assault, mental injury and sexual harassment against women. The courts are to be presided over by a chief judge, with additional judges appointed depending on the requirement in specific cases, and at least half of the judges’ posts are to be reserved for women.
The idea behind these special courts is that they will provide speedy justice to women and be women-friendly as well. These courts are also intended to provide a more private space for women, especially to rape victims who are frequently traumatised by the trial process that currently exists.
The idea of separate women police cells has also been mooted from time to time. The centre has been advising state governments regarding to steps that need to be taken, especially at the level of law enforcement, to afford greater protection to women and in particular to prevent crimes against them. These advisories include gender sensitisation of the police, adopting appropriate measures for swift and effective punishment to public servants found guilty of custodial violence against women, minimizing delays in investigations of murder, rape and torture of women and setting up ‘crimes against women cells’ in districts where they do not exist.
The National Commission for Women has also undertaken visits to various states to review the status of women and conduct its own investigations in certain cases of serious incidents of crime against women. The commission’s findings indicate that the level of sensitivity and care with which crimes against women are handled is woefully inadequate. It has also observed that the filing of FIRs, even in acutely abusive or violent cases,  continues to be a problem. The setting up of women police cells is one of the ways in which we can alleviate these problems.

Which of the following is NOT similar in meaning to the word “Boomerang” as used in the passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question:

In the debates following the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women observed a few days ago, some critical issues have come to the fore. Is it time to advocate for a completely separate apparatus of courts, law enforcement mechanisms and laws for women? What are the strengths and limits of such a proposal?
The issue of separate courts for women or family disputes has been a subject of debate for many years. A number of states have already set up special courts for women, including Maharashtra, with proposals pending in Karnataka and Delhi. These courts have taken on different incarnations at the state level with the Maharashtra courts designated as family courts to deal with family disputes and matrimonial matters; the Delhi courts are intended to deal exclusively with rape cases. However, the idea behind the special courts is to deal speedily with atrocities against women.
In 2006, a Bill to set up special courts for women was introduced in the Lok Sabha. The courts are intended to deal primarily with offences of rape, criminal assault, mental injury and sexual harassment against women. The courts are to be presided over by a chief judge, with additional judges appointed depending on the requirement in specific cases, and at least half of the judges’ posts are to be reserved for women.
The idea behind these special courts is that they will provide speedy justice to women and be women-friendly as well. These courts are also intended to provide a more private space for women, especially to rape victims who are frequently traumatised by the trial process that currently exists.
The idea of separate women police cells has also been mooted from time to time. The centre has been advising state governments regarding to steps that need to be taken, especially at the level of law enforcement, to afford greater protection to women and in particular to prevent crimes against them. These advisories include gender sensitisation of the police, adopting appropriate measures for swift and effective punishment to public servants found guilty of custodial violence against women, minimizing delays in investigations of murder, rape and torture of women and setting up ‘crimes against women cells’ in districts where they do not exist.
The National Commission for Women has also undertaken visits to various states to review the status of women and conduct its own investigations in certain cases of serious incidents of crime against women. The commission’s findings indicate that the level of sensitivity and care with which crimes against women are handled is woefully inadequate. It has also observed that the filing of FIRs, even in acutely abusive or violent cases,  continues to be a problem. The setting up of women police cells is one of the ways in which we can alleviate these problems.

The assumption underlying the proposal for reservation of at least fifty percent posts of judges for women is that

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question:

In the debates following the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women observed a few days ago, some critical issues have come to the fore. Is it time to advocate for a completely separate apparatus of courts, law enforcement mechanisms and laws for women? What are the strengths and limits of such a proposal?
The issue of separate courts for women or family disputes has been a subject of debate for many years. A number of states have already set up special courts for women, including Maharashtra, with proposals pending in Karnataka and Delhi. These courts have taken on different incarnations at the state level with the Maharashtra courts designated as family courts to deal with family disputes and matrimonial matters; the Delhi courts are intended to deal exclusively with rape cases. However, the idea behind the special courts is to deal speedily with atrocities against women.
In 2006, a Bill to set up special courts for women was introduced in the Lok Sabha. The courts are intended to deal primarily with offences of rape, criminal assault, mental injury and sexual harassment against women. The courts are to be presided over by a chief judge, with additional judges appointed depending on the requirement in specific cases, and at least half of the judges’ posts are to be reserved for women.
The idea behind these special courts is that they will provide speedy justice to women and be women-friendly as well. These courts are also intended to provide a more private space for women, especially to rape victims who are frequently traumatised by the trial process that currently exists.
The idea of separate women police cells has also been mooted from time to time. The centre has been advising state governments regarding to steps that need to be taken, especially at the level of law enforcement, to afford greater protection to women and in particular to prevent crimes against them. These advisories include gender sensitisation of the police, adopting appropriate measures for swift and effective punishment to public servants found guilty of custodial violence against women, minimizing delays in investigations of murder, rape and torture of women and setting up ‘crimes against women cells’ in districts where they do not exist.
The National Commission for Women has also undertaken visits to various states to review the status of women and conduct its own investigations in certain cases of serious incidents of crime against women. The commission’s findings indicate that the level of sensitivity and care with which crimes against women are handled is woefully inadequate. It has also observed that the filing of FIRs, even in acutely abusive or violent cases,  continues to be a problem. The setting up of women police cells is one of the ways in which we can alleviate these problems.