Reading Comprehension Questions

Multiple choice

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Which out of the following is not mentioned as a reason of dispute in marriage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.

As per law when a man and woman are married, it is clearly understood that both would live together and share a conjugal relationship. However, sometimes, problems are caused due to several factors-ill treatment of woman by her in-laws, joint family issues, employment of the woman in some other town or husband’s behaviour towards his wife. In worst cases a woman might even opt to walk out of husband’s house. Commonly, the husband would make his best of efforts to bring back his wife to his house. Husband might go to the court as a last option. It is much too controversial subject to pass judgement on legal issues pertaining the right of one spouse to demand the company of the other. It has been over a century since this subject was recognized in India. The restitution of conjugal rights was introduced into Indian law during the British rule. It is interesting to know the history as to how this provision got into the laws related to marriage and divorce in our country. The origin of this provision is found in the religious courts of England where a decree of ‘restitution of conjugal rights’ could be issued and an unwilling spouse was compelled by law to live with the complaining spouse. Those who disobeyed the orders could be imprisoned. In India, according to the traditional Hindu law, litigation regarding matters of marriage was not permitted so the husband and wife were obliged to stick together for a lifetime. Husband was treated as a god by his wife and the wife could be separated from husband neither by ‘sale’ nor by ‘desertion’ as mentioned by Manu, the author of ancient text that provided grounds for litigation in India.

  1. Joint family matters

  2. Ill treatment of woman by her in-laws

  3. Illicit relation of either man or woman

  4. Employment of woman in other town

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

It is not mentioned in the passage.

Multiple choice

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Which of the following statements may be inferred from the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.

As per law when a man and woman are married, it is clearly understood that both would live together and share a conjugal relationship. However, sometimes, problems are caused due to several factors-ill treatment of woman by her in-laws, joint family issues, employment of the woman in some other town or husband’s behaviour towards his wife. In worst cases a woman might even opt to walk out of husband’s house. Commonly, the husband would make his best of efforts to bring back his wife to his house. Husband might go to the court as a last option. It is much too controversial subject to pass judgement on legal issues pertaining the right of one spouse to demand the company of the other. It has been over a century since this subject was recognized in India. The restitution of conjugal rights was introduced into Indian law during the British rule. It is interesting to know the history as to how this provision got into the laws related to marriage and divorce in our country. The origin of this provision is found in the religious courts of England where a decree of ‘restitution of conjugal rights’ could be issued and an unwilling spouse was compelled by law to live with the complaining spouse. Those who disobeyed the orders could be imprisoned. In India, according to the traditional Hindu law, litigation regarding matters of marriage was not permitted so the husband and wife were obliged to stick together for a lifetime. Husband was treated as a god by his wife and the wife could be separated from husband neither by ‘sale’ nor by ‘desertion’ as mentioned by Manu, the author of ancient text that provided grounds for litigation in India.

  1. Matrimonial issues were better dealt with in India traditionally than in England.

  2. Provisions to settle the matrimonial issues in past in both England and India were equally flawed.

  3. Religious courts of England provided for a more effective model for the settlement of marriage related issues.

  4. Matrimonial issues were better dealt with in England traditionally than in India.

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Law was flawed in both cases to settle such issues. In Engand litigation was unfair whereas there was no provision for litigation in India.

Multiple choice

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Hindu Marriage Act is implemented for settlement of marriage related issues in which of the following cases in India?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.

As per law when a man and woman are married, it is clearly understood that both would live together and share a conjugal relationship. However, sometimes, problems are caused due to several factors-ill treatment of woman by her in-laws, joint family issues, employment of the woman in some other town or husband’s behaviour towards his wife. In worst cases a woman might even opt to walk out of husband’s house. Commonly, the husband would make his best of efforts to bring back his wife to his house. Husband might go to the court as a last option. It is much too controversial subject to pass judgment on legal issues pertaining the right of one spouse to demand the company of the other. It has been over a century since this subject was recognized in India. The restitution of conjugal rights was introduced into Indian law during the British rule. It is interesting to know the history as to how this provision got into the laws related to marriage and divorce in our country. The origin of this provision is found in the religious courts of England where a decree of ‘restitution of conjugal rights’ could be issued and an unwilling spouse was compelled by law to live with the complaining spouse. Those who disobeyed the orders could be imprisoned. India, according to the traditional Hindu law, litigation regarding matters of marriage was not permitted so the husband and wife were obliged to stick together for a lifetime. Husband was treated as a god by his wife and the wife could be separated from husband neither by ‘sale’ nor by ‘desertion’ as mentioned by Manu, the author of ancient text that provided grounds for litigation in India. Today the Hindu Marriage Act, section 9 and Special Marriage Act, section 22 provides that in case either spouse withdraws from the company of the other, the affected spouse can move the court for ‘restitution of conjugal rights. Parsis and Christians too have similar laws in this regard.

 
  1. In case of Hindus only.

  2. In any case.

  3. In case of Hindus, Christians and Parsis only.

  4. In case of Christians and Parsis only.

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

It is implemented only in case of Hindus, Christians and Parsis.

Multiple choice

There are less number of artists working in the medium of printmaking. Which of the following options is correct acording to the passage about the above statement?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. The statement is incorrect.

  2. The statement is correct.

  3. The statement can not be incurred from the passage.

  4. -

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

It is mentioned as a less explored media.

Multiple choice

According to the passage it may be surmised that we get a vast number of bronze images cast during the reign of Chola kings.

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. Yes

  2. No

  3. Not Given

  4. -

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

We get a vast repository of these images from this period.

Multiple choice

According to the passage, only cast metal sculptures form a part of the gallery's collection among its metal sculptures. The statement is

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. True

  2. False

  3. Not Given

  4. -

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The work in beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements may be incurred from the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. The artist influenced by Chola bronzes produces exact copies of these images.

  2. There was an abundance of bronze in Chola dynasty.

  3. The craftsmen during Chola dynasty mostly produced bronze statues.

  4. Only bronze images were cast in Chola dynasty.

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The passage mentions rich repository of these images.

Multiple choice

Works carried out in some forms of art are not included in the collection due to their being less popular. The above statement is

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. true

  2. false

  3. not given

  4. -

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Works in less popular art forms are part of the collection.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is true about the work of artist working in metal?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. His work is traditional in form and style.

  2. His work is modern in all aspects.

  3. His work is abstract in quality despite the influence of a traditional form of art.

  4. None of these

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

It is clearly mentioned in the passage.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is/are believed to be the most popular art form(s)?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. Printmaking

  2. Sculpture

  3. Painting

  4. Printmaking and sculpture

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

People mostly tend to buy this form of art.

Multiple choice

The sculptor who works in the style of Chola bronzes is also a member of artists' group mentioned in the pasage. Which of the following is correct about the above statement?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. True

  2. False

  3. Not Given

  4. -

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

He works in metal whereas the three artists work in granite.

Multiple choice

According to the passage, the three artists experimenting with granite mostly make oval faces in their sculptures. Which of the following is correct about the above statement?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. Yes

  2. No

  3. Not Given

  4. -

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

 The answer is no. According to the passage, it is just one artist who practices this. not all 3.  One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face.

Multiple choice

The art gallery mentioned in the passage does not possess any 3-Dimensional art work carried out in fragile material. The above statement is

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. true

  2. false

  3. not given

  4. -

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

There are sculpture works in ceramic and terracotta.

Multiple choice

One of the artists mentioned in the passage working on mythical themes carries out his works in one of the following mediums

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. Granite

  2. Stone

  3. Metal

  4. None of these

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

He uses beaten and welded metal sheets.

Multiple choice

According to the information given in the passage, which of the following statements is true about the gallery, 'Fifth Dimention'?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

The gallery named ‘Fifth Dimension’ was started by a young lady in 1978 and for about over 3 decades she has tried to work for the promotion of the young, upcoming and talented artists. Particularly, she has tried to promote the works in rather less explored media like sculpture and printmaking. It has been no less challenging experience for her. It is observed that the medium of sculpture has received comparatively less attention in the contemporary art than painting instead of sculpture for different reasons. However, sculpture has been an integral part of collection at ‘Fifth Dimension’. There are works in wood, terracotta, bronze, ceramic, stone and mixed media in its collection. Creations of Prabhu Katayal, an artist working with beaten and welded metal sheets finds a place in the collection. The themes of the works are mostly of mythical and lyrical nature. There is a sense of strength as well as lightness in his works. There are also works by a group of three artists who have been experimenting with ‘smooth against rough’ technique in granite. One of these artists works in a very interesting way of carving out facial forms with only one prominent feature like a finely rendered nose or mouth against a flat and rough ovoid face. Yet another sculptor who works in metal too has his share in the collection of the gallery. This sculptor’s work shows the influence of Chola bronzes i.e., the rich repository of cast-metal works carried out by the craftsmen during the Chola dynasty. Despite his leanings towards the traditional form of art, he has retained an abstract quality in his works.

  1. It is a newly set up art gallery.

  2. It exhibits works of young and upcoming artists alone.

  3. It was established about thirty years back.

  4. None of these

  5. -

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

It is functioning for over 3 decades.