Early Human and Prehistoric Cultures

John Marshall ignored stratigraphy, and steatite is a very soft stone.

Stone blades and not steel blades were discovered/excavated.

There were differences in the way the pits were made smacking of some social discriminations.

Steatite was available at South Rajasthan and North Gujrat weights were made of stone (Chert) and were cubical. Chinese pilgrims never visited Harappa.

Some of these causes may hold for certain settlements, but they do not explain the collapse of the entire civilisation.

The Mesolithic period represents the transition between Paleolithic and Neolithic ages. People during this time primarily survived through hunting, food gathering, and fishing - activities that required mobility and did not involve settled agriculture or animal domestication, which emerged later in the Neolithic period.

Hominids or homo habilis were human-like creatures and these later evolved into homo erectus who were meat eaters. Later, homo sapiens made their appearance and had several advanced features.

Dog was the first domesticant, and was established across Eurasia before the end of the Late Pleistocene era, well before cultivation and before the domestication of other animals.

This is the correct option. The Kalangs were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators of Java.

'Krapina' as it is given in the first sentence of the passage.

Cro-Magnons appeared in Europe around 40,000 years ago and represent early modern humans (Homo sapiens) who succeeded Neanderthals. They were anatomically modern humans with advanced tools, art, and symbolic thinking, unlike earlier hominids like Java Man, Peking Man, or Australopithecus.

The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE) is termed 'Pre-Aryan' primarily because its undeciphered script and material culture predate the arrival of Indo-Aryan speakers in India (c. 1500 BCE). The writing system of the Indus Valley is distinct from later Brahmi scripts and remains undeciphered, suggesting it belonged to a civilization that existed before Aryan migrations. While utensils, copper artifacts, and art are all important archaeological findings, the writing system provides the strongest evidence for its pre-Aryan chronological placement.

Statement 1 is correct - archaeological evidence from Harappa shows cotton cultivation and use. Statement 2 is incorrect - Harappans had extensive knowledge of copper and bronze, and created sophisticated bronze artifacts including the famous dancing figure. Statement 3 is incorrect - standard Harappan seals were made of steatite (a type of soft stone), not clay. Therefore, only statement 1 is correct, making option A the right answer.

(geometric designs): Rule of maintenance of parallelism

The Indus Valley Civilization was primarily an agricultural society. Archaeological evidence shows extensive cultivation of wheat, barley, and other crops. While trade was important, agriculture was the foundation of their economy.