Political History and Events

The word "Politics" has been drawn from the Greek word "Polis" which means affairs of city-states. In Greece to refer city-states the word, "Polis" was used.

In 1893, the self-governing colony New Zealand became the first country in the world (except for the short-lived 18th century the Corsican Republic) to grant truly universal active suffrage by giving women the right to vote.

• Margaret Thatcher's personal popularity was greatly boasted by winning the war against Argentina.
• Thus, the conservative party won the 1983 general election with a huge majority.

A Chinese dynasty refers to a succession of rulers from the same family or lineage over a period of time. Hereditary succession is the defining characteristic of dynastic rule in traditional China. Other choices describe meritocracy, social hierarchy, or general conflict rather than the core meaning of a dynasty.

Historical records of the land reform movement in China during the early 1950s indicate that approximately 60 percent of the rural population received redistributed land.

Social Movements are organised group of people having common purpose and work toward a common goal. Social movement are organised or sometimes informal who launch their mode of work toward bringing a social change. A movement of people is always a collective action, it may either work toward bringing a change or resisting a change and they may be organised or non organised having different modes to achieve their aim. The loose organisation of movement allow mass participation and informal decision making.

Social groups are the collection or group of people who interact with each other having common interests. A pressure group is a group of people who try to influence government policies or legislation in their interest. They are organized group who do not take part in the legislation making process but persuade the government to work for the fulfilment of their interest. These are also called Interest groups. E.g., Bharatiya Kisan Union.

FEDECOR is an organization of human right activists, labour, and community people. It was an organization formed in Bolivia which wanted the government to end the privatization of water resources in the country. This organization consisted of engineers, economists, environmentalists, academicians etc. It was a kind of public interest group.

Bureaucracy that is committed to the programmes of the political party in power is called as Committed bureaucracy. It is associated with the political party. 

The Legal Framework Order refers to presidential decrees issued during military rule in Pakistan in 1970 and 2002 over the organisation of elections. According to this order, the President can dissolve the federal or provincial associations. A National Security Council governed by military officers controls the functioning of the civilian authority.  Hence, Option A is correct. The rest of the government members do not supervise the elections, hence, incorrect. 

Myanmar is formerly known as Burma. It gained freedom from colonial rule in 1948 and became a democracy. But this democratic rule was short-lived and ended in 1962 with a military coup.

Political parties exist to contest elections (electioneering) and, if successful, to form and run the government (governing).

Shadow cabinet is a term used to represent the senior members of the Opposition party in the Legislature who forms an alternative cabinet in the leadership of the leader of the opposition. They scrutinize policy and action of government and to take over the functions of portfolios in case the ruling part fails.