Plant Propagation Techniques

This is a fungal disease affecting elms. 

To reduce crab-tree effect, a fed-batch process is generally employed for baker's yeast production. Aerobic ethanol formation in the presence of glucose concentration is known as glucose effect or crab-tree effect. In this process, glucose concentration is increased in the media to reduce oxygen consumption by producing appreciable amount of ATP.

Vegetative propagation produces clones - genetically identical offspring. This method reproduces plants asexually without seeds, maintaining genetic uniformity across generations.

Vegetative propagation uses roots, stems, and leaves to produce new plants asexually. Flowers are reproductive organs involved in sexual reproduction (pollination, fertilization), not vegetative propagation.

Tissue culture allows horticulturists to produce thousands of genetically identical plantlets from a small piece of plant tissue in a controlled laboratory environment. This method is commercially valuable because it rapidly produces disease-free plants on a large scale, unlike slow natural selection or vegetative methods like budding and cutting that have limited scale.

A callus is an unorganized, proliferating mass of parenchyma cells formed in tissue culture that can differentiate into shootlets and rootlets to form complete plantlets. Rootlet, shootlet, and plantlet are all organized structures that develop FROM the callus, not the initial undifferentiated mass itself.

Tissue culture can produce disease-free plants by using meristem tissue (which is typically virus-free) and growing it in sterile, controlled conditions. Vegetative methods like grafting, layering, and cutting can transmit pathogens from the parent plant to the offspring.

Tissue culture is a method of vegetative propagation where plant tissues are grown in artificial nutrient medium under controlled conditions. It allows mass production of genetically identical plants from small tissue samples.

Tissue culture is extensively used to propagate ornamental plants because it allows rapid multiplication of disease-free, genetically identical plants with desirable traits. Other methods listed are less commonly used for ornamental plants on a commercial scale.

Gene banks are facilities that store genetic material (seeds, sperm, eggs, embryos) from plant and animal species. For endangered plant species, gene banks preserve seeds under controlled conditions (low temperature and humidity) to maintain genetic diversity for future conservation and research.

Yes, it is the correct answer.  Clones can be obtained by all the three methods.

Hybridization involves crossing different plant varieties, which can result in branches producing different types of fruits on the same tree.

First statement is correct. Second statement is incorrect as virus and virus-like diseases spread through vegetative propagules like tubers, rhizomes. Third statement is correct. While seed propagation is limited by the fruiting time; vegetative propagation does not have the same limitation. Vegetative propagation can be practiced throughout the year, but it is less productive in adverse season.

A cytoplasmic hybrid is an eukaryotic cell line produced by the fusion of a whole cell with a cytoplast is called as cybrid.

The inherent potentiality of a plant cell to give rise to a whole plant is described as cellular totipotency. The phenomenon of a mature cell reverting to the meristematic state and forming undifferentiated callus tissue is termed as dedifferentiation. The phenomenon of conversion of component cells of callus tissue to whole plant or plant organs is called as redifferentiation.