Plant Propagation Techniques

A callus is an unorganized, proliferating mass of parenchyma cells formed in tissue culture that can differentiate into shootlets and rootlets to form complete plantlets. Rootlet, shootlet, and plantlet are all organized structures that develop FROM the callus, not the initial undifferentiated mass itself.

Tissue culture can produce disease-free plants by using meristem tissue (which is typically virus-free) and growing it in sterile, controlled conditions. Vegetative methods like grafting, layering, and cutting can transmit pathogens from the parent plant to the offspring.

Tissue culture is a method of vegetative propagation where plant tissues are grown in artificial nutrient medium under controlled conditions. It allows mass production of genetically identical plants from small tissue samples.

Tissue culture is extensively used to propagate ornamental plants because it allows rapid multiplication of disease-free, genetically identical plants with desirable traits. Other methods listed are less commonly used for ornamental plants on a commercial scale.

Gene banks are facilities that store genetic material (seeds, sperm, eggs, embryos) from plant and animal species. For endangered plant species, gene banks preserve seeds under controlled conditions (low temperature and humidity) to maintain genetic diversity for future conservation and research.

Yes, it is the correct answer.  Clones can be obtained by all the three methods.

Hybridization involves crossing different plant varieties, which can result in branches producing different types of fruits on the same tree.

First statement is correct. Second statement is incorrect as virus and virus-like diseases spread through vegetative propagules like tubers, rhizomes. Third statement is correct. While seed propagation is limited by the fruiting time; vegetative propagation does not have the same limitation. Vegetative propagation can be practiced throughout the year, but it is less productive in adverse season.

The inherent potentiality of a plant cell to give rise to a whole plant is described as cellular totipotency. The phenomenon of a mature cell reverting to the meristematic state and forming undifferentiated callus tissue is termed as dedifferentiation. The phenomenon of conversion of component cells of callus tissue to whole plant or plant organs is called as redifferentiation.

All three plants are commonly propagated vegetatively: Jasmine through stem cuttings, Sugarcane through stem sections (setts) with nodes, and Turmeric through rhizome division. Vegetative propagation produces clones of the parent plant and is faster than seed propagation.

Horticulture is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants for commercial use. Agriculture is broader (field crops), viticulture specifically covers grapes, and farming is a general term. Horticulture comes from Latin 'hortus' (garden).

Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology and business of growing plants. It includes the cultivation of medicinal plants, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and non-food crops, such as grass and ornamental trees and plants.

Artificial pollination (also called hand pollination or controlled pollination) is a technique used by plant breeders to deliberately cross-pollinate specific plants to create new varieties with desired traits. Post-fertilization and double fertilization are biological processes, not breeding practices.

This is the correct option. Asparagus use the method of vegetative propagation by roots.

This is the correct option. Gladiolus plants use the method of vegetative propagation by stems.