Pesticides and Pest Control

Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of substances such as pesticides.

A general purpose tree fruit spray, available under a variety of trade names, is effective for control of many of the common diseases and insect pests of apple. This mixture usually contains captan as the fungicide component and methoxychlor and malathion or carbaryl as the insecticide component. Other alternative to control of fungal diseases are-coppers (fixed)- early season control of scab and fire blight; 2. fenarimol- control of scab, mildew, and rust; 3. ferbam- some control of scab, rust, black rot, and the summer diseases; causes undesirable black residue when used late in season; 4. maneb, mancozeb- control of rust, scab, fruit rots, and summer diseases; 5. myclobutanil- control of scab, powdery mildew and cedar-apple rust; 6. sulfur- for control of mildew; some control of scab, summer diseases, and fruit rots; can be phytotoxic to some cultivars and may cause fruit russetting and/or yield reduction when sprayed after bloom; 7. thiram- some control of scab, rust, and summer diseases; 8. thiophanate-methyl- control of scab, fruit rots, and summer diseases; 9. triadimefon- very good control of powdery mildew and rust.

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer products for domestic purposes. It behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects.

Dioxathion, systematically known as p-dioxane-2,3-diyl ethyl phosphorodithioate, is an organophosphate pesticide. It is used as an insecticide on livestock and as an acaricide on citrus fruits, deciduous fruits and nuts.

DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is a herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis. DCMU is a very specific and sensitive inhibitor of photosynthesis. It blocks the plastoquinone binding site of photosystem II.

Dicofol is an organochlorine pesticide that is chemically related to DDT. Dicofol is a miticide that is very effective against red spider mite.

Carbonyl sulfide is used  as a herbicide. Carbonyl sulfide is a potential alternative fumigant to methyl bromide and phosphine. In some cases, however, residues on the grain result in flavours that are unacceptable to consumers, e.g., barley used for brewing.

Indulines are a series of dyestuffs of blue, bluish-red or black shades, formed by the interaction of para-amino azo compounds with primary monoamines in the presence of a small quantity of a mineral acid. These are not the insect repellents .

Phosphorus pentasulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula P₄S₁₀. This yellow solid is the one of two phosphorus sulfides of commercial value. Samples often appear greenish-gray due to impurities. It is also used in the production of pesticides such as Parathion and Malathion.

Methyl cyanoformate is the organic compound with the formula CH₃OC(O)CN. This colourless liquid is used as a reagent in organic synthesis as a source of the methoxycarbonyl group. It is also an active ingredient in the pesticide product Zyklon A. It is also known as Mander's reagent.

Depending on whose definition is used, organic farming uses fertilizers and pesticides (which include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) if they are considered natural (such as bone meal from animals or pyrethrin from flowers), but it excludes or strictly limits the use of various methods (including synthetic petrochemical fertilizers and pesticides; plant growth regulators such as hormones; antibiotic use in livestock; genetically modified organisms; human sewage sludge; and nanomaterials.)

Corn gluten meal (CGM) is a natural pre-emergence weed control used in turfgrass, which reduces germination of many broadleaf and grass weed.

Picloram is a pyridine herbicide. It is mainly used to control unwanted trees in pastures and edges of fields in India. It is another synthetic auxin.

The fungus Beauveria bassiana is used to prevent potato beetle and codling moth.

Weeds also vary in their competitive abilities and according to conditions and season. Tall-growing vigorous weeds such as fat hen (Chenopodium album) can have the most pronounced effects on adjacent crops, although seedlings of fat hen that appear in late summer produce only small plants.