Pesticides and Pest Control

A. Two chemotherapy drugs, Etoposide and Teniposide, are derived from toxins found in Podophyllum peltatum. The cancer treatment drug Topotecan is an extract of Camptotheca sp. B. Ulmus wallichiana is a timber yielding plant located throughout India. It is moderately hard and strong. It is used for door and window frames, carts and other purposes. C. The Pyrethrins are a pair of natural organic compounds normally derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent insecticidal activity. Hence, only statement A is false.

Phytophthora palmivora is a fungal pathogen used as a bioherbicide to control specific weed species, particularly milkweed vine. Bioherbicides are living organisms or their products used to control unwanted plants. 2,4-D is a synthetic chemical herbicide. Cinerin is a bioinsecticide from chrysanthemum flowers. Stick insect is a biological insect, not a herbicide.

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein toxin provides resistance to plants from corn rootworm.

Biomagnification, is the increase in concentration of a substance, such as the pesticide DDT, that occurs in a food chain .

Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide extracted from dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (now classified as Tanacetum cinerariifolium). It contains pyrethrins which are neurotoxic to insects. Santonin is from Artemisia, ephedrine from Ephedra, and primaquine is synthetic.

2,4-D destroys broad leaved weeds and is used as a weedicide.

Aspidophytine is an indole alkaloid that has attracted a lot of attention from synthetic chemists. An extract of the cockroach plant, aspidophytine is an insecticidal substance particularly effective against cockroaches.

Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruits of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants. It is most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from the bean of the coffee plant and the leaves of the tea bush.

Bromacil is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₉H₁₃BrN₂O₂, commercially available as a herbicide.

Anilazine is a pesticide used on crops. It is used for controlling fungus diseases which attack lawns and turf, cereals, coffee, and a wide variety of vegetables and other crops. It is also used for the control of potato and tomato leafspots.

Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of substances such as pesticides.

A general purpose tree fruit spray, available under a variety of trade names, is effective for control of many of the common diseases and insect pests of apple. This mixture usually contains captan as the fungicide component and methoxychlor and malathion or carbaryl as the insecticide component. Other alternative to control of fungal diseases are-coppers (fixed)- early season control of scab and fire blight; 2. fenarimol- control of scab, mildew, and rust; 3. ferbam- some control of scab, rust, black rot, and the summer diseases; causes undesirable black residue when used late in season; 4. maneb, mancozeb- control of rust, scab, fruit rots, and summer diseases; 5. myclobutanil- control of scab, powdery mildew and cedar-apple rust; 6. sulfur- for control of mildew; some control of scab, summer diseases, and fruit rots; can be phytotoxic to some cultivars and may cause fruit russetting and/or yield reduction when sprayed after bloom; 7. thiram- some control of scab, rust, and summer diseases; 8. thiophanate-methyl- control of scab, fruit rots, and summer diseases; 9. triadimefon- very good control of powdery mildew and rust.

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer products for domestic purposes. It behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects.

Dioxathion, systematically known as p-dioxane-2,3-diyl ethyl phosphorodithioate, is an organophosphate pesticide. It is used as an insecticide on livestock and as an acaricide on citrus fruits, deciduous fruits and nuts.

DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is a herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis. DCMU is a very specific and sensitive inhibitor of photosynthesis. It blocks the plastoquinone binding site of photosystem II.