Pesticides and Pest Control

Brucella sps is a non-spore forming bacterium.

A general purpose tree fruit spray, available under a variety of trade names, is effective for control of many of the common diseases and insect pests of apple. This mixture usually contains captan as the fungicide component and methoxychlor and malathion or carbaryl as the insecticide component. Other alternative to control of fungal diseases are-

1. coppers (fixed)- early season control of scab and fire blight;
2. fenarimol- control of scab, mildew, and rust;
3. ferbam- some control of scab, rust, black rot, and the summer diseases; causes undesirable black residue when used late in season;
4. maneb, mancozeb- control of rust, scab, fruit rots, and summer diseases;
5. myclobutanil- control of scab, powdery mildew and cedar-apple rust;
6. sulfur- for control of mildew; some control of scab, summer diseases, and fruit rots; can be phytotoxic to some cultivars and may cause fruit russetting and/or yield reduction when sprayed after bloom;
7. thiram- some control of scab, rust, and summer diseases;
8. thiophanate-methyl- control of scab, fruit rots, and summer diseases;
9. triadimefon- very good control of powdery mildew and rust.

NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) is a biopesticide - a virus that specifically infects and kills insect pests, particularly lepidopteran larvae like caterpillars. It's used in organic farming as an environmentally friendly pest control method. NPV is not itself a pest, but a control agent; it's more specific than 'bio control agent' which is a broader category.

Endosulfan is an off-patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide. Because of its threats to human health and the environment, a global ban on the manufacture and use of endosulfan was negotiated under the Stockholm Convention in April 2011.

Insecticide is a chemical substance specifically designed to kill insects. The suffix '-icide' means killing. Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide, germination is seed sprouting, and larvacide kills larvae specifically.

All the given characteristics are found in Bacillus thuringiensis; so this is a wrong answer.

A. Two chemotherapy drugs, Etoposide and Teniposide, are derived from toxins found in Podophyllum peltatum. The cancer treatment drug Topotecan is an extract of Camptotheca sp. B. Ulmus wallichiana is a timber yielding plant located throughout India. It is moderately hard and strong. It is used for door and window frames, carts and other purposes. C. The Pyrethrins are a pair of natural organic compounds normally derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent insecticidal activity. Hence, only statement A is false.

Phytophthora palmivora is a fungal pathogen used as a bioherbicide to control specific weed species, particularly milkweed vine. Bioherbicides are living organisms or their products used to control unwanted plants. 2,4-D is a synthetic chemical herbicide. Cinerin is a bioinsecticide from chrysanthemum flowers. Stick insect is a biological insect, not a herbicide.

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein toxin provides resistance to plants from corn rootworm.

Biomagnification, is the increase in concentration of a substance, such as the pesticide DDT, that occurs in a food chain .

Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide extracted from dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (now classified as Tanacetum cinerariifolium). It contains pyrethrins which are neurotoxic to insects. Santonin is from Artemisia, ephedrine from Ephedra, and primaquine is synthetic.

2,4-D destroys broad leaved weeds and is used as a weedicide.

Aspidophytine is an indole alkaloid that has attracted a lot of attention from synthetic chemists. An extract of the cockroach plant, aspidophytine is an insecticidal substance particularly effective against cockroaches.

Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruits of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants. It is most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from the bean of the coffee plant and the leaves of the tea bush.

Bromacil is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₉H₁₃BrN₂O₂, commercially available as a herbicide.