Biology

Molecular Genetics

917 Questions

Molecular genetics explores the mechanisms of genetic information transfer, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. It is a core component of biology syllabi. These concepts frequently appear in general science sections of major competitive exams.

DNA replicationTranscription processTranslation processRNA typesCentral dogma

Molecular Genetics Questions

Multiple choice

What is the name of the process by which cells repair damaged DNA?

  1. DNA replication

  2. DNA transcription

  3. DNA repair

  4. DNA translation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

DNA repair is the process by which cells identify and repair damaged DNA molecules. This process is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome and preventing mutations.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the process by which cells convert genetic information encoded in DNA into functional proteins?

  1. DNA replication

  2. DNA transcription

  3. DNA repair

  4. DNA translation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

DNA translation is the process by which cells convert the genetic information encoded in DNA into a sequence of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA polymerase?

  1. RNA polymerase I

  2. RNA polymerase II

  3. RNA polymerase III

  4. RNA polymerase IV
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

RNA polymerase IV is not a type of RNA polymerase. It is a type of enzyme that is involved in the synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the genetic code that specifies the relationship between codons in mRNA and the corresponding amino acids?

  1. The genetic code

  2. The codon table

  3. The amino acid code

  4. The protein code
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The genetic code is the set of rules that specifies the relationship between codons in mRNA and the corresponding amino acids. This code is universal, meaning that it is the same in all living organisms.

Multiple choice

Which genetic material is present in mitochondria?

  1. Nuclear DNA

  2. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

  3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

  4. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is distinct from the nuclear DNA.

Multiple choice

What is the primary function of mitochondrial ribosomes?

  1. Protein Synthesis

  2. RNA Transcription

  3. DNA Replication

  4. Lipid Metabolism
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Mitochondrial ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins that are essential for mitochondrial function.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the short RNA molecule that primes DNA synthesis during replication?

  1. Helicase

  2. Polymerase

  3. Ligase

  4. Primase
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Primase is the enzyme that synthesizes the short RNA molecule (primer) that primes DNA synthesis during replication.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in transcription?

  1. Initiation, Elongation, Termination

  2. Elongation, Initiation, Termination

  3. Termination, Elongation, Initiation

  4. Initiation, Termination, Elongation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Transcription occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is responsible for adding new nucleotides to the growing RNA strand during transcription?

  1. Helicase

  2. Polymerase

  3. Ligase

  4. Primase
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Polymerase is the enzyme responsible for adding new nucleotides to the growing RNA strand during transcription, using the DNA template strand as a guide.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the enzyme that terminates transcription and releases the newly synthesized RNA molecule?

  1. Helicase

  2. Polymerase

  3. Ligase

  4. Primase
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
Correct answer
Explanation

Terminator is the sequence of nucleotides that signals the termination of transcription and the release of the newly synthesized RNA molecule.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the process by which a gene's DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA molecule?

  1. Replication

  2. Transcription

  3. Translation

  4. Mutation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Transcription is the process by which a gene's DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA molecule.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the process by which the information in an RNA molecule is used to synthesize a protein?

  1. Replication

  2. Transcription

  3. Translation

  4. Mutation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Translation is the process by which the information in an RNA molecule is used to synthesize a protein.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in translation?

  1. Initiation, Elongation, Termination

  2. Elongation, Initiation, Termination

  3. Termination, Elongation, Initiation

  4. Initiation, Termination, Elongation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Translation occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the small ribosomal subunit that binds to the mRNA and tRNA molecules during translation?

  1. 30S

  2. 50S

  3. 70S

  4. 90S
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The 30S ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA and tRNA molecules during translation.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the large ribosomal subunit that binds to the tRNA molecules and catalyzes peptide bond formation during translation?

  1. 30S

  2. 50S

  3. 70S

  4. 90S
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The 50S ribosomal subunit binds to the tRNA molecules and catalyzes peptide bond formation during translation.