Molecular Genetics

A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can change the reading frame.

AUG is initiation codon.

The type of RNA specifically responsible for directing the proper sequence of amino acids in protein sythesis is messenger RNA.

3 to 5 strand of DNA generally acts a template for the synthesis of both RNA & DNA.

The anticodon present in tRNA which can carry methionine is UAC.

RNA polymerise catalyse elongation in 5 to 3 direction.

Nucleic acid based detection systems were greatly improved following the development of the polymerase improved following the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is able to detect pathogens by targeting their genetic material (RNA/DNA). Real time PCR (RT-PCR) is used to combine amplification, detection and quantification in a single step for RNA as target. Immunocapture PCR (IC-PCR) is used to combine the advantages of serology and is a very sensitive method of detection the diseases by targeting both DNA & RNA as genetic material. Multiplex PCR (IC-RT-PCR) allows for simultaneous and sensitive detection of different DNA & RNA as genetic material in the detection of plant diseases in a single reaction.

The androgen receptor is most closely related to the progesterone receptor, and progestins in higher dosages can block the androgen receptor.The main function of the androgen receptor is as a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates gene expression. Androgen regulated genes are critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype.

A method has been developed to analyze full sets of protein interactions using a combination of 454 pyrosequencing and an in-vitro virus mRNA display method. Specifically, this method covalently links proteins of interest to the mRNAs encoding them, then detects the mRNA pieces using reverse transcription PCRs.

Genes are the functional segments of DNA that code for specific proteins and determine hereditary traits. Chromosomes are structures containing many genes, RNA is a nucleic acid, and peptides are protein chains.

It is most appropriate answer that gene is the region of DNA that codes for a single RNA or protein. Hence, this option is the correct answer.

Ribosomes are cellular organelles composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. The rRNA provides the structural framework and catalytic activity, while proteins help in assembly and function. This combination makes ribosomes ribonucleoprotein complexes essential for protein synthesis.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) typically constitutes 3-5% of total cellular RNA in most cells. It has the shortest half-life of all RNA types because it's continuously synthesized and degraded during protein synthesis. rRNA makes up about 80-85% while tRNA constitutes about 10-15% of total cellular RNA.

The proteome refers to the entire set of proteins encoded by an organism's genome - it is the protein complement of the genome. It is not limited to protein structure, mitochondrial proteins, or any subset.