Modern Indian History

The Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayam Sevak are the organisations wished to unite all Hindus , overcome caste divisions and reform their social life. Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1914 by Madam Mohan Malviya. It worked with Arya Samaj and other Hindu organizations. It was directly link with Rashtriya Swam Sevak Sangh founded in 1925 at Nagpur by K.B.Hegewar. The first All India Hindu Mahasabha Conference was organized at Hardwar in 1915. The sabha became more aggressive after 1929 and started propagating Hindu Rashtra which was totally differ from Gandhiji's Ram Rajya.

The second regular session of Muslim League was held at Amritsar in 1908. The scheme for constitutional reforms and separate electorates was discussed in this session.

The first annual session of the Muslim League was held in Karachi on 29 December 1907. Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah, the Aga Khan III appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League. The headquarter were in Lucknow. The principle of the League was laid down in a 'Green Book'. Which included the constitution of the organization, written by Maulana Mohammed Ali.

The first annual session of the Muslim League was held in Karachi on 29 December 1907. Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah, the Aga Khan III appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League. Their headquarter were in Lucknow.

In the 19th century, leaders of various organizations used  religious consciousness to inculcate modern nationalism amongst the people. This resulted in not only the arousal of nationalism but also of communalism on the sidelines. By the end of the century, national and communal identity started taking prominent shapes.

The Urdu poet Mohammed Iqbal spoke about the need for a Northwest Indian Muslim State while addressing a meeting of the Muslim League in 1930. He did not stress on the emergence of a new state. He only wanted reorganization of Muslim majority areas in Northwest India.

The partition of India is generally viewed by historians as the culmination of various factors, including British colonial policy, and both Hindu and Muslim communal politics.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was a Muslim philosopher, social activist and educator who founded the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College which later came to be known as Aligarh Muslim University. He considered competence in English and Western sciences necessary skills for maintaining Muslims' political influence.The university is open to everyone irrespective of caste, creed, religion or gender.

Sayyid Ahmad Khan's political stance and his emphasis on the distinct identity of Muslims in India are often cited as early catalysts for Muslim communal politics.

Lucknow Congress session of 1916 adopted an agreement known as the Lucknow Pact. It marked the coming together of moderates and extremists in Congress on common platform again after nearly a decade and concession given by the Congress to the Muslim League. The Congress  agreed to the demand of separate electorates for Muslims in provincial council elections.d" in 1765.

The Muslim league was founded in 1906 at Dhaka to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims. It was a political group that led the movement calling for a separate Muslim nation to be created at the time of the partition of British India in 1947 because it feared that an independent India would be dominated by Hindus. It also supported the partition of Bengal announced by Lord Curzon in 1905. The Hindi- Urdu controversy relating to the use of court language was also one of the factors responsible for the formation of the League.

On December 30, 1906, Muslim league was formed under the leadership of Aga Khan, the Nawab of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk at Dacca. It was formed  to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims. Later, the league wanted a separate nation for India’s Muslims because it feared that an independent India would be dominated by Hindus.

Mohammad Iqbal is credited with the idea of Pakistan. He believed that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus deserve political independence from other regions and communities of India. He devised the idea of a north-western Muslim province when he became convinced that Muslims faced extinction in India. 

The Home Rule League organization was established in 1915-16 during WW I, by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant. Many Indian revolutionaries supported the Britishers but Tilak and Besant considered this an opportunity to achieve independence from the British. Thus, they decided to organize a national alliance of leagues across India, specifically to demand Home Rule or self-government.

Hindu Mahasabha, politico- religious was formed by Madan Mohan Malviya in the year 1915 to protect the rights of the Hindu community in British India. The first All India Hindu Mahasabha Conference was organized at Haridwar in 1915. It became more aggressive after 1929 and started propagating Hindu Rashtra.