Modern Indian History

The immediate cause of the rebellion was the introduction of the Enfield rifle, which used cartridges greased with cow and pig fat. This offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, as cows are sacred to Hindus and pigs are considered unclean by Muslims.

The 1950 Constitution of India explicitly abolished 'untouchability' and prohibited discrimination based on caste, religion, race, or gender.

The Quit India Movement was a major civil disobedience movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in August 1942, demanding an end to British rule in India.

The Indian National Congress split into two main factions: the Moderates, who sought reform through constitutional means, and the Radicals (or Extremists), who advocated for more aggressive tactics to achieve independence.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent Indian nationalist who famously declared that Swaraj is his birthright. This slogan became a rallying cry for the Indian independence movement.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on 13 April 1919 in Amritsar, Punjab. It was a tragic event where British troops opened fire on a peaceful gathering.

Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 to protest against British policies in India. It was one of the first major mass movements led by Gandhi.

Raja Rammohun Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Debendranath Tagore were all Indian social reformers who fought against regressive practices like sati and child marriage. Adolf Hitler was a German dictator and had no role in Indian social reform.

Subhas Chandra Bose, the leader of the Indian National Army, popularized the slogan 'Jai Hind'. It became a symbol of the struggle for independence.

Mahatma Gandhi gave the 'Do or Die' slogan during the Quit India Movement in 1942. It urged Indians to either achieve freedom or die trying.

Nathuram Godse was a Hindu nationalist who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi on January 30, 1948, in New Delhi.

The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, was a major act of nonviolent civil disobedience in 1930 where thousands were arrested for protesting the British salt tax.

The title 'Mahatma' is derived from Sanskrit and translates to 'Great Soul,' a name given to Gandhi by Rabindranath Tagore.

Gandhi's first major acts of civil disobedience occurred in South Africa, where he protested discriminatory laws, including the requirement for Indians to carry registration certificates (passports/passes).