Modern Indian History

From 1885 to 1905, the Congress was lead by a group of leaders known as the Early Nationalists. The members of this group were drawn from the educated middle class consisting of professionals like lawyers, barristers, teachers and officials. It was their hope that British would grant 'Home Rule' to Indians. They relied on the solemn pledges made by the British government.

Demands of Early Nationalists were divided in to four parts:

• Constitutional Reforms
• Economic Reforms
• Administrative Demands
• Defence of Civil Rights

• Repeal of the Arms act and License act
• Indianisation of services by taking exams of Indian Civil Services in India and England.
• Spread of primary education among the masses
• Increase in the power of local bodies and reduction of official control over them.

The social ills in Early Nationalists phase were:

• Sati
• Untouchability
• Child marriage

Servants of India Society was founded in 1915 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Its aim was to unite and train Indians of different ethnicities and religions in welfare work. It was the first secular organization in that country to devote itself to the underprivileged, rural and tribal people, and other social causes.

Dadabhai Naoroji’s mentioned the concept of drain of wealth from India during British rule in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. He made an estimate of drain which was around Rs 8 million. He observed that the drain consists of the remittances by European Officials, their expenditure in England, pensions and salaries paid in England, etc.

Dadabhai Naoroji’s mentioned the concept of drain of wealth from India during British rule in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. He made an estimate of drain which was around Rs 8 million. He observed that the drain consists of the remittances by European Officials, their expenditure in England, pensions and salaries paid in England, etc.

Dadabhai Naoroji formulated the 'Drain Theory' and famously used the phrase 'Bleeding India White' to describe the economic exploitation of India by the British.

The Indian Home Rule Society (IHRS) was an Indian organisation founded by Shyamji Krishna Varma in London in 1905 that sought to promote the cause of self-rule in British India. It was open for membership "to Indians only", and found significant support amongst Indian students.

Sri Aurobindo was an early Indian revolutionary, who later left politics to pursue his spiritual sadhana. He supported non-co-operation and passive resistance to the British rule. He hoped to capture the Congress and make it the directing centre of an organised national action.

• Al-Hilal was  a newspaper published  by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Al-Hilal was used to criticize British Government in India
• It was a weekly Urdu newspaper
• So the correct option is A.
  

Sri Aurobindo was an early Indian revolutionary, who later left politics to pursue his spiritual sadhana. He supported non-co-operation and passive resistance to the British rule. He hoped to capture the Congress and make it the directing centre of an organised national action. In April 1910, Aurobindo Ghoseh secretly moved to Pondicherry (which was then a French Colony) to start a new life. With a few followers he established Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1926.

The author of 'A Nation in the Making' was Surendanath Banerjee. It is his autobiography and also a commentary on public life. It was published in 1925.

The National Liberal Federation was founded by Surendranath Banerjee and other moderate leaders who left the Indian National Congress after the rise of the extremist faction.

The majority of the moderate leaders were educated professionals, such as lawyers, journalists, and teachers, who were concentrated in urban centers like Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.

• Chittaranjan Das, a revolutionary freedom fighter, was endearingly called ‘Deshabandhu’ (Friend of the Nation). Born on 5 November 1870 in Calcutta, he belonged to an upper middle-class family of Telirbagh, in Dacca district.
• Chittaranjan’s patriotic ideas were greatly influenced by his father, Bhuban Mohan Das, a reputed Solicitor of the Calcutta High Court. It was Bankim Chandra who influenced him in his political ideas. It was not before 1917 that Das came to the forefront of nationalist politics. In that year he was invited to preside over the Bengal Provincial Conference held at Bhowanipore. His political career was brief but meteoric. In the course of only eight years he rose to all-India fame by virtue of his intense patriotism, sincerity and oratorical power.