Modern Indian History

The goal of Swaraj (self-rule) was formally adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1906 at the Calcutta session under the presidency of Dadabhai Naoroji, marking a shift from moderate to more assertive nationalism.

The Indian National Congress was founded in December 1885, with its first session held in Bombay. W. C. Banerjee was the first President, and the formation was spearheaded by A. O. Hume.

The historic Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) began on March 12, 1930, with Mahatma Gandhi and 78 trusted followers marching from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, covering 240 miles over 24 days to protest the salt tax.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre occurred on April 13, 1919, when British troops under General Dyer fired on a peaceful gathering, killing hundreds. This event was a turning point in India's freedom struggle and led to the Non-cooperation Movement.

The All India Muslim League was founded in December 1906 at Dhaka. It was established to protect Muslim political interests and initially supported British rule.

The Khilafat Movement was launched in 1919 to protest the dismantling of the Ottoman Caliphate after WWI. It gained momentum in 1920 when Gandhi allied it with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and Rowlatt Act protests. It was the first mass movement under his leadership.

Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. It was a reformist movement that opposed idol worship, caste discrimination, and sati, while promoting rationalism and social justice.

Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, a young Anglo-Indian teacher at Hindu College, started the Young Bengal Movement in the 1820s. It promoted rationalism, free thinking, and challenged religious orthodoxy.

The August Declaration (1917) by Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State for India, promised 'increasing association of Indians' and 'progressive realization of responsible government'. It marked the shift toward self-rule.

The Swadeshi Movement was launched in 1905 as a direct response to Lord Curzon's decision to partition Bengal. The movement emphasized the use of indigenous goods and boycott of foreign products. It was a key phase in India's freedom struggle and promoted nationalistic sentiments. The movement eventually led to the annulment of the Bengal partition in 1911.

The province of Bengal was partitioned in 1905 by Lord Curzon into East Bengal and Assam (Muslim majority) and West Bengal (Hindu majority). This decision was widely opposed and became a major issue in the independence movement. The partition was eventually annulled in 1911. The 1947 partition created East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Bengal.

The Lucknow Pact (1916) was an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. It marked a rare moment of Hindu-Muslim cooperation, with Congress accepting separate electorates and the League supporting Congress's demand for self-government.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad wrote 'India Wins Freedom' as his autobiography, published posthumously in 1959. The book provides his firsthand account of India's freedom movement, his role as a Congress leader, and his perspective on key events and personalities from 1915 until independence.

In 1902, the North Western Provinces and Oudh were officially renamed as the 'United Provinces of Agra and Oudh' (later just United Provinces). This administrative reorganization occurred during the British colonial period. The name change reflected the territorial composition after various administrative adjustments in the late 19th century. Option A (1833) is too early, while options B and D are incorrect years.