Modern Indian History

Annie Besant, a senior leader of the independence movement and president of the Indian National Congress in 1917, advised the young Gandhi to observe Indian politics and society for a year before actively participating. Her advice reflected the understanding that Gandhi, recently returned from South Africa, needed time to understand the complexities of the Indian political context and its various actors and movements.

Gandhi nominated Abbas Tyabji, a respected nationalist leader and retired judge, to lead the Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) in the event of his own arrest. Tyabji was a trusted associate from Gujarat who had been actively involved in the independence movement. When Gandhi was indeed arrested during the march, Tyabji briefly took over leadership before being arrested himself.

Madan Mohan Malaviya, a prominent Congress leader and founder of Banaras Hindu University, served as Gandhiji's adviser at the Second Round Table Conference (1931). Malaviya was a senior leader whom Gandhi consulted frequently on important matters.

Annie Besant described the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhiji following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact as a 'National Calamity'. She felt the movement was gaining momentum and should not have been suspended without achieving full independence.

The year 1930 is famously associated with the Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) led by Mahatma Gandhi, which was a pivotal non-violent protest against the British salt monopoly. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred in 1919, Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, and Komagata Maru incident in 1914.

Swami Vivekananda famously criticized the caste system and ritualistic Hindu practices during his travels to Europe and America as India's cultural ambassador. His remark 'Don't touch me, I am holy' satirized the hypocrisy of untouchability and purity rituals while neglecting true spiritual development. He represented Hinduism at the 1893 Parliament of World's Religions in Chicago.

The Acharya Rama Murti Committee (1990) was appointed to review the National Policy on Education 1986. Its report was officially titled 'Towards an Enlightened and Socialistic Society' - a vision that guided educational reform recommendations.

The Railway Budget was separated from the General Budget in 1924-25 based on the recommendations of the Acworth Committee. This separation continued until 2017 when it was merged back with the Union Budget.

1921 is known as the 'Great Division Year' or 'Year of Great Divide' in India's population history because it marked a significant demographic transition - the death rate began to decline sharply while birth rates remained high, leading to rapid population growth in subsequent decades.

The Reserve Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935, as per the provisions of the RBI Act, 1934. Option A is correct with the year 1935. The RBI was initially headquartered in Calcutta and later moved to Mumbai. India became independent in 1947, and RBI was nationalized in 1949.

Mahatma Gandhi's mother was Putlibai Gandhi, his father Karamchand Gandhi's fourth wife, who played a significant role in his early moral and spiritual development.

The Quit India Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress on August 8, 1942, demanding an end to British rule in India during World War II.

The reason for the unpopularity of Kabir among the Orthodox section was his liberal philosophies.