Modern Indian History

The demand for the Constituent Assembly was put forward by the Indian National Congress in 1936, at its session held at Faizpur.

Sudhir Ghosh wrote 'Gandhi's Emissary.' He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and served as his emissary to the United States during India's independence movement. The book documents his experiences and interactions with Gandhi and international leaders.

The Constituent Assembly of India adopted the design of the National Flag on July 22, 1947. This was just before independence (August 15, 1947). The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. July 1948 would be a year after independence, July 1950 is when India became a Republic, and August 1947 is when independence was declared.

U Thant from Burma (now Myanmar) was the first recipient of the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1965. He served as the third Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1961 to 1971. Mother Teresa, Martin Luther King Jr., and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan received the award in later years.

All three individuals received Bharat Ratna - Rajiv Gandhi (1991, posthumous), Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987), and Nelson Mandela (1990). The award recognizes exceptional service in any field.

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was launched by Mahatma Gandhi as the first nationwide mass movement against British rule. It involved boycott of British goods, schools, courts, and titles. Nehru and Das were supporters but not the leaders. Dadabhai Naoroji was an earlier leader of the moderate phase. The movement was suspended after the Chauri Chaura violence in 1922.

Mahatma Gandhi gave the historic "Do or Die" slogan during the Quit India Movement speech on August 8, 1942, at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee. This slogan captured the urgency of complete independence from British rule. Nehru and Patel were key Congress leaders but did not originate this slogan. It became the rallying cry for the final phase of the freedom struggle.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875 to reform Hinduism and promote Vedic principles. The organization opposed idol worship, caste discrimination, and child marriage while advocating for women's education and equality.

Dadabhai Naoroji formulated the 'Drain Theory' in his book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (1901). He explained how Britain was systematically draining India's wealth through unfair trade policies, heavy taxation, and the remittance of British officials' salaries to England.

Bhagat Singh popularized the slogan 'Inquilab Zindabad' (Long Live the Revolution) during the freedom movement. He and Batukeshwar Dutt shouted it after throwing bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly in 1929. It became the rallying cry of India's socialist revolutionaries.

Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 in honor of his guru, Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa. The organization is dedicated to social service, spiritual education, and promoting Vedanta philosophy. It has centers worldwide and continues humanitarian work.

In this period only, it was negative. Hence, it is the correct option.

The case of Mohammed Hanif Qureshi vs State of Bihar deals with ban on slaughtering of cows during Eid.

Mahatma Gandhi explicitly stated 'Truth and Non-Violence are my Gods,' reflecting his core philosophical principles. Nehru emphasized scientific temper and socialism, while Vivekananda focused on Vedanta philosophy. This quote uniquely represents Gandhi's satyagraha doctrine.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was established in 1961 by five founding leaders: Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, misspelled as 'Nassir' in the option), Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia), Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), and Sukarno (Indonesia). The option correctly identifies three of the key founders. Gandhi was assassinated in 1948 before NAM was formed, and the other names are unrelated.